Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements for a situation in which contact between members of different groups will reduce prejudice?

Accepted Answer

A)   clear penalties if group members show prejudice toward each other
B)   one-on-one interactions between members of equal status
C)   cooperative pursuit of superordinate goals
D)   contact supported by social norms A

Question 2

Give an example of a situation in which a person might maintain stereotypes about an outgroup through the use of abstract versus concrete construals of an outgroup member's behavior.Under what circumstances would someone be likely to use one type of construal over the other?

Accepted Answer

Examples will vary but should include the idea that people maintain their negative stereotypes about an outgroup by construing outgroup members' negative actions at a high level of abstraction and by construing outgroup members' positive actions at a low level of abstraction.In a study described in the textbook,for example,members of rival districts (contrade)in an Italian horse-racing competition (palio)described sketches of negative actions of the other group at a high level of abstraction (e.g.,"The guy from your contrada is a litterbug")but positive actions at a low level of abstraction (e.g.,"The guy from your contrada lifted the little kid on his shoulders").They did the opposite for their own group (e.g.,"The guy from my contrada dropped a piece of paper" and "The guy from my contrada is very kind," respectively).

Question 3

Andrew thinks that all New Yorkers are "rude jerks." This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   discrimination.
B)   stereotyping.
C)   modern racism.
D)   hostile racism. B

Question 4

Define and distinguish between stereotyping,prejudice,and discrimination.Give an example of a situation in which these three processes might NOT co-occur.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define and distinguish between stereotyping,prejudice,and discrimination.Give an...

Question 5

In one study participants were divided into two groups using the minimal group paradigm.Participants then filled out an attitude questionnaire twice,once to record their own attitudes and once to record how they thought another ingroup or outgroup member might respond.The results showed that participants tended to

Accepted Answer

A)   assume that their beliefs were more similar to those of fellow ingroup members than to those of outgroup members.
B)   infer ingroup members' beliefs more accurately than outgroup members' beliefs.
C)   overestimate variability in outgroup attitudes but underestimate variability in ingroup attitudes.
D)   assume that ingroup members held more socially desirable beliefs than outgroup members.

Question 6

Based on the results of the Robbers Cave experiment,which of the following environments is most likely to foster cohesion across racial groups,and why?

Accepted Answer

A)   low-socioeconomic status (SES)  neighborhoods, because resources are scarce
B)   the U.S. military, because soldiers cooperate to accomplish the shared goal of defending the nation
C)   online social media users, because they feel more distanced from their racial identities
D)   college campuses, because curved grading can create competition among students

Question 7

How do threats to self-esteem impact people's attitudes toward outgroup members? Provide one example of a relevant study.According to social identity theory,why do self-esteem threats have this effect?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do threats to self-esteem impact people's...

Question 8

Tanner believes that women are needy and unintelligent.When he meets Leslie,an independent and intelligent woman who does not match his stereotype,he is likely to conclude that

Accepted Answer

A)   Leslie would make a good wife.
B)   Leslie must be putting on an act.
C)   women may not be needy and unintelligent after all.
D)   Leslie must be a special exception to the rule.

Question 9

The ________ test has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups.

Accepted Answer

A)   implicit association
B)   draw-a-person
C)   internal attitudes
D)   true beliefs

Question 10

Evaluate the claim that racial diversity is sufficient to create positive intergroup relations.What conditions are necessary for contact between diverse groups to be beneficial?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Evaluate the claim that racial diversity is...

Question 11

Which of the following research findings provides the best evidence that a person's responses on the implicit association test (IAT)are likely to be predictive of discriminatory behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   IAT scores and scores on the Modern Racism Scale tend not to be highly correlated.
B)   IAT scores are significantly correlated with neural activation of the amygdala.
C)   IAT scores are significantly correlated with the degree to which participants speak to and smile at a white versus black experimenter.
D)   Both young and older participants show prejudice in favor of the young on the IAT.

Question 12

________ theory posits that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are based in part on group membership and group success or failure.

Accepted Answer

A)   Self-perception
B)   Social verification
C)   Minimal group
D)   Social identity

Question 13

Bob believes that the "typical" African-American is good at sports and bad at business.Research suggests that if Bob encounters an African-American who is bad at sports but an excellent businessman,he is likely to

Accepted Answer

A)   believe even more strongly in the accuracy of his stereotype about the "typical" African-American.
B)   abandon his stereotypical beliefs about the "typical" African-American.
C)   assume that there is a subtype of African-Americans who can be good at business.
D)   question his stereotypical beliefs about the "typical" African-American.

Question 14

Recall that one study asked prejudiced and unprejudiced white participants to evaluate black and white college applicants (identified by photos attached to their applications)whose qualifications varied.What did this study show?

Accepted Answer

A)   Both prejudiced and unprejudiced participants rated black applicants with excellent qualifications less favorably than white applicants with excellent qualifications.
B)   When the applicants had mixed qualifications (that is, they excelled at some things and did not excel at others) , prejudiced participants rated the black applicants less favorably than the unprejudiced participants.
C)   Even when the applicants had excellent qualifications, prejudiced participants rated the white applicants more favorably than they rated the black applicants.
D)   Prejudiced and unprejudiced participants did not differ in their ratings of white and black applicants, regardless of applicants' qualifications.

Question 15

Give an example of how superordinate goals could be used to improve intergroup relations on a college campus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give an example of how superordinate goals...

Question 16

Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show

Accepted Answer

A)   ingroup favoritism.
B)   outgroup favoritism.
C)   neither ingroup nor outgroup favoritism.
D)   greater ingroup favoritism compared to groups created on the basis of meaningful criteria.

Question 17

Jim,who is prejudiced against Jewish people,is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-inconsistent actions,such as an act of philanthropy,to ________.In contrast,Jim is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-consistent actions,such as self-interested behavior,to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   situational causes; dispositional causes
B)   dispositional causes; situational causes
C)   global causes; specific causes
D)   personality traits; internal dispositions

Question 18

Describe two characteristics of college campuses that may undermine positive intergroup contact.Then,list one approach that educators have used to try to promote positive contact.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe two characteristics of college campuses that...

Question 19

Define modern racism and give an example of one method that researchers have used to measure it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define modern racism and give an example...

Question 20

________ is the fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding one's own group.

Accepted Answer

A)   Self-fulfilling prejudice
B)   Scapegoating
C)   Prejudice
D)   Stereotype threat

Exam 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination