Question 1

Polygyny appears to be an ecologically and economically adaptive strategy for many tribal societies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

When two or more clans recognize that they share a common genealogical relationship, the more general grouping of these clans is known as a __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  patrilineage 
B)  moiety 
C)  phratry 
D)  descent group

Question 3

Evaluate the hypothesis that suggests that in societies where female contributions to the food supply are less critical or less valued than the male contribution, female status is lower.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Evaluate the hypothesis that suggests that in...

Question 4

A clan is a special kind of descent group whose members are defined by __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  relationships to a male figure, known through myths and legends 
B)  common descent from unknown or sacred beings, such as special animals or plants 
C)  their long-term occupation of a specific geographical location 
D)  relationships to a specific extended family

Question 5

Slavery took on different forms depending on the political economies and demographic features of the agricultural state society. For example, in some African societies slavery corresponded to an "open system" in which slaves could be incorporated into domestic kin groups and even become upwardly mobile. In contrast, "closed systems" of slavery provided no opportunities for upward mobility or incorporation into kin groups. The open system of slavery occurred __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  where land was scarce and population density high 
B)  where land was relatively abundant and less populated 
C)  in areas that had rigid caste systems such as Greece, Rome, and China 
D)  when there was a lot of surplus generated from agriculture, and new markets needed to be opened to accommodate the distribution of this excess wealth

Question 6

The most important belief underlying the practice of having a widow marry one of her brothers-in-law is that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  her family should not have to return the bride price 
B)  the corporate rights of the deceased husband's lineage will be preserved 
C)  all men should have more than one wife 
D)  widows should never have to live alone

Question 7

Small-scale societies tend to have more social stratification than large-scale societies because there are fewer people to occupy the statuses and play the roles.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

As illustrated by the Natchez Indians of the Mississippi region, marriage in chiefdom societies often __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  resulted in divorce because the couples were too tired and stressed from the daily obligations imposed on them by the chief 
B)  resulted in males marrying other males in order for them to gain higher rank and status in the society 
C)  provided a systematic form of social mobility, especially for women 
D)  lacked ritual, since marriages were not important to the social order of chiefdoms

Question 9

Since wealth and status determine the type of marriage patterns found in agricultural states, the primary form of marriage for all but the elite was __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  polygyny 
B)  polyandry 
C)  polygamy 
D)  monogamy

Question 10

A typical __________ family consists of two parents and their immediate biological offspring or adopted children.

Accepted Answer

A)  basic 
B)  atomic 
C)  extended 
D)  nuclear

Question 11

Unilineal descent groups are lineage groups that do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  trace their ancestry to both the father's and mother's ancestors 
B)  trace their ancestry to either the father's or the mother's ancestors 
C)  establish a new lineage by severing ties to any ancestors 
D)  define themselves on the basis of relations through marriage

Question 12

According to sociobiologists, patriarchy in tribal societies is a consequence of what?

Accepted Answer

A)  the scarcity of resources and the resulting dominance of males in warfare 
B)  a male supremacy complex found in all human societies 
C)  mythologies, beliefs, and ideologies that justify male domination 
D)  reproductive strategies in which male competition for females leads to conflict

Question 13

Compare and contrast how the elderly are treated in foraging and industrial societies. What are the similarities and differences, and why do you think these are so? Support your answer with specific examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast how the elderly are...

Question 14

In a conical clan, all members of the clan trace their descent from __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the chief 
B)  the grandmother of the chief 
C)  the patron god of the chief 
D)  a common ancestor

Question 15

Corporate groups of people of about the same age who share specific rights, obligations, duties, and privileges within a society and who progress through various stages of life together are called __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  classmates 
B)  age sets 
C)  age grades 
D)  comrade cliques

Question 16

Discuss the relationships among gender, subsistence, and family structure in agricultural states.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the relationships among gender, subsistence, and...

Question 17

Iroquois tribal society was organized around matrilineal descent groups, the members of which lived together in a longhouse, had collective rights over land and tools, and were influential in decision-making processes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

If a tribal society has norms that prescribe cross-cousin or parallel-cousin marriage and an individual does not have a cousin in the particular category, that individual must remain single for the rest of his or her life since no mates fit the norm.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

It has been suggested that the status of women in tribal societies __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is related to how much they contribute to the subsistence activities of the group 
B)  is correlated with the fact that they are the physically weaker sex and are easily exploited 
C)  increases when they are menstruating 
D)  is determined by age

Question 20

How does enculturation influence male and female gender roles? Is there a universal division of labor based on sex? Are gender roles static entities within each society? Are gender roles changing in the United States? If so, how?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does enculturation influence male and female...

Exam 10: Social Structure, The Family, Gender, and Age

Polygyny appears to be an ecologically and economically adaptive strategy for many tribal societies.

When two or more clans recognize that they share a common genealogical relationship, the more general grouping of these clans is known as a __________.

Evaluate the hypothesis that suggests that in societies where female contributions to the food supply are less critical or less valued than the male contribution, female status is lower.

A clan is a special kind of descent group whose members are defined by __________.

The most important belief underlying the practice of having a widow marry one of her brothers-in-law is that __________.

Small-scale societies tend to have more social stratification than large-scale societies because there are fewer people to occupy the statuses and play the roles.

As illustrated by the Natchez Indians of the Mississippi region, marriage in chiefdom societies often __________.

Since wealth and status determine the type of marriage patterns found in agricultural states, the primary form of marriage for all but the elite was __________.

A typical __________ family consists of two parents and their immediate biological offspring or adopted children.

Unilineal descent groups are lineage groups that do which of the following?

According to sociobiologists, patriarchy in tribal societies is a consequence of what?

Compare and contrast how the elderly are treated in foraging and industrial societies. What are the similarities and differences, and why do you think these are so? Support your answer with specific examples.

In a conical clan, all members of the clan trace their descent from __________.

Corporate groups of people of about the same age who share specific rights, obligations, duties, and privileges within a society and who progress through various stages of life together are called __________.

Discuss the relationships among gender, subsistence, and family structure in agricultural states.

Iroquois tribal society was organized around matrilineal descent groups, the members of which lived together in a longhouse, had collective rights over land and tools, and were influential in decision-making processes.

If a tribal society has norms that prescribe cross-cousin or parallel-cousin marriage and an individual does not have a cousin in the particular category, that individual must remain single for the rest of his or her life since no mates fit the norm.

It has been suggested that the status of women in tribal societies __________.

How does enculturation influence male and female gender roles? Is there a universal division of labor based on sex? Are gender roles static entities within each society? Are gender roles changing in the United States? If so, how?