Question 1

Dr.Katz is interested in studying self-esteem.He is especially curious as to whether people who have higher self-esteem say the words I and me more often than do those who have low self-esteem.He has decided to poll people and ask them how often they say these words during the day.Explain why you would advise him not to use this method and explain what alternative you would propose.

Accepted Answer

Students should state that people are unlikely to be able to realistically know how many times they say any given word or two in a given day.(Students may be precise and say this is an issue of inability to report. )Thus,he is likely to acquire a lot of very inaccurate data.As an alternative,they should recommend some sort of observational measure.Students may recommend a specific way to collect data,but that is not necessary.If they mention some alternatives,these could include using some sort of recording device (similar to the electronically activated recorder [EAR] described in the book)or even bringing participants into a lab and counting the words in a lab conversation.

Question 2

Masked,or blind,study designs are designed to deal with:

Accepted Answer

A)  Yea-saying biases
B)  Bystander effect
C)  Observer bias
D)  Faking good C

Question 3

Dr.Ewell,a developmental psychologist,is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs.

-Given the scenario above,Dr.Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants.He is concerned about:

Accepted Answer

A)  Reactivity
B)  Observer bias
C)  Faking good
D)  Interrater reliability A

Question 4

Dr.Ewell,a developmental psychologist,is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs.

-Given the scenario above,Dr.Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants.Which of the following could he do to address this concern?

Accepted Answer

A)  Make the observations himself instead of using a research assistant
B)  Have two undergraduate research assistants make the observations instead of just one
C)  Observe the same-sex friend pairs on the first day and the opposite-sex friend pairs on the second day
D)  Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing

Question 5

Explain how a masked or blind design deals with both observer bias and observer effects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how a masked or blind design...

Question 6

Which of the following is true of interrater reliability?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is measured with an ICC.
B)  It is necessary to calculate only if you have four or more raters.
C)  It does not need to be calculated if your research assistants are well trained.
D)  If interrater reliability is established,it means the observations are also valid.

Question 7

All of the following are true of observational data EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Observational measures tend to have good construct validity.
B)  Observational measures cannot be used in making causal claims.
C)  Observational measures can be used in frequency claims.
D)  Observational measures tend to provide richer information than survey data.

Question 8

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving),Dr.Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a forced-choice question.
B)  It is a double-barreled question.
C)  It has a double negative.
D)  It is a leading question.

Question 9

Dr.Ewell,a developmental psychologist,is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs.

-Why would most psychologists have no problem with the ethics of Dr.Ewell's study?

Accepted Answer

A)  His research topic is interesting.
B)  People in a public park do not expect their behavior to be private.
C)  Research with children is generally not risky.
D)  Observing children is the only way to collect data about this topic.

Question 10

There are several ways to decrease socially desirable responding.Choose one of these and explain why it decreases this response tendency.

Accepted Answer

The answer of There are several ways to decrease socially...

Question 11

Which of the following is another term for response sets?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observer bias
B)  Nondifferentiation
C)  Socially desirable responding
D)  Uniqueness

Question 12

Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey questions?

Accepted Answer

A)  How well it is worded
B)  How many people answer it
C)  How short it is
D)  How many response options it has

Question 13

Another word for observer effects is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Observer bias
B)  Expectancy effects
C)  Interrater reliability
D)  Unobtrusive observation

Question 14

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving),Dr.Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a forced-choice question.
B)  It is a double-barreled question.
C)  It has a double negative.
D)  It is a leading question.

Question 15

State three ways that a researcher could reduce reactivity in a study and why each one is effective.

Accepted Answer

The answer of State three ways that a researcher could...

Question 16

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving),Dr.Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "People who think a lot are really lame." What is the problem with this question?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a forced-choice question.
B)  It is a double-barreled question.
C)  It has a double negative.
D)  It is a leading question.

Question 17

How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts?

Accepted Answer

A)  They slow down readers,making them answer more carefully.
B)  They give people more answer options.
C)  They are easier for people to read.
D)  They ask each question twice so the participant answers twice.

Question 18

RESEARCH STUDY 6.3
Dr.Omiata is working on creating a survey designed to measure people's attitudes toward marijuana use.For each statement,the person is asked to rate their agreement on a 5-point scale.A selection of his statements is below.

-For each of Dr.Omiata's statements,state whether it is well-worded.If it is not,indicate what the problem is and how it could be fixed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 6.3
Dr.Omiata is working on creating...

Question 19

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year.In fact,these students were no different than any of the other students in the class.At the end of the year,the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students.It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways.This is an example of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observer bias
B)  Observer effects
C)  A masked study design
D)  Self-report operationalization

Question 20

Explain why socially desirable responding happens.Name one way to decrease the likelihood of its occurrence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain why socially desirable responding happens.Name one...

Exam 6: Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Masked,or blind,study designs are designed to deal with:

Explain how a masked or blind design deals with both observer bias and observer effects.

Which of the following is true of interrater reliability?

All of the following are true of observational data EXCEPT:

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving) ,Dr.Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question?

There are several ways to decrease socially desirable responding.Choose one of these and explain why it decreases this response tendency.

Which of the following is another term for response sets?

Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey questions?

Another word for observer effects is:

State three ways that a researcher could reduce reactivity in a study and why each one is effective.

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving) ,Dr.Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "People who think a lot are really lame." What is the problem with this question?

How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts?

Explain why socially desirable responding happens.Name one way to decrease the likelihood of its occurrence.