Question 1

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to lose weight is

Accepted Answer

A)  purchase only foods that are low in calories
B)  purchase only foods that can be prepared quickly
C)  reinforce yourself with some non-food item or activity for passing up dessert
D)  put pictures or other stimuli around the kitchen to remind you of your long-term goal B

Question 2

In a two-choice situation for pigeons,the left key has a VI schedule that delivers 60 reinforcers per hour,and the right key has a VI schedule that delivers 20 reinforcers per hour.The matching law predicts that a pigeon will make _______ of its responses on the left key.

Accepted Answer

A)  25%
B)  50%
C)  75%
D)  100% C

Question 3

The tragedy of the commons can be averted by

Accepted Answer

A)  setting legal limits on how much the community's resources can be used
B)  charging fees for the use of the community's resources
C)  encouraging individuals to consider the long-term consequences of their actions for the community as a whole
D)  all of the above D

Question 4

According to momentary maximization theory,in a concurrent VI VI situation,a subject will

Accepted Answer

A)  show exclusive preference for the better VI schedule
B)  respond randomly on a moment-to-moment basis
C)  switch quickly from the poorer VI to the better VI,but switch slowly form the better VI to the poorer VI
D)  none of the above

Question 5

A pigeon responds on a concurrent VI 60-second VI 60-second schedule.If this animal's behavior roughly follows the matching law,it will probably receive

Accepted Answer

A)  about 60 reinforcers per hour
B)  about 120 reinforcers per hour
C)  slightly less than 60 reinforcers per hour
D)  slightly less than 120 reinforcers per hour

Question 6

Cases in which people choose a small immediate reinforcer instead of a larger delay reinforcer can be viewed as evidence

Accepted Answer

A)  against optimization theory
B)  against momentary maximizing theory
C)  against the Ainslie-Rachlin theory
D)  supporting optimization theory

Question 7

Pigeons are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer instead of an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if

Accepted Answer

A)  both reinforcers are visible during the delay period
B)  stimuli associated with the reinforcers are present during the delay period
C)  some other,irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period
D)  all of the above

Question 8

The matching law has been applied to choice situations where the two options differ in

Accepted Answer

A)  rate of reinforcement
B)  amount of reinforcement
C)  quality of reinforcement
D)  all of the above

Question 9

In phase 1 of a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules,a human subject receives 25% of his reinforcers by making a left response.In phase 2,he receives 75% of his reinforcers by making a left response.The subject's percentage of left responses is 15% in phase 1,and 81% in phase 2.This performance is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  matching
B)  undermatching
C)  overmatching
D)  bias

Question 10

Children are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer over an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if

Accepted Answer

A)  both reinforcers are visible during the delay period
B)  stimuli associated with the reinforcers are present during the delay period
C)  some other,irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period
D)  all of the above

Question 11

According to melioration theory,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

Accepted Answer

A)  100%
B)  75%
C)  0%
D)  either a or c

Question 12

Studies with animals have shown that in a self-control situation,the use of a precommitment procedure is more effective in increasing the number of large-reinforcer choices if

Accepted Answer

A)  there is no delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer
B)  there is a long delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer
C)  the small immediate reinforcer is visible during the precommitment period
D)  the animal is distracted during the preocommitment period

Question 13

According to the matching law,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

Accepted Answer

A)  100%
B)  75%
C)  0%
D)  either a or c

Question 14

To apply the matching law to cases where the researcher presents only one reinforcement schedule,such as a VI schedule with food reinforcement,Herrnstein assumed that

Accepted Answer

A)  the subject will devote all its time to this schedule
B)  the subject chooses between this schedule and extraneous reinforcers in the environment
C)  the subject's responding will not change if the rate of reinforcement is varied
D)  none of the above

Question 15

Herrnstein has applied the matching law to situations where a subject responds on VI schedules of different sizes,but only one schedule is presented at a time.He assumed that if the reinforcement for extraneous behaviors is increased

Accepted Answer

A)  the subject's maximum possible response rate does not change
B)  response rate on the VI schedule should decrease
C)  both a and b
D)  neither a nor b

Question 16

Experiments have shown that in situations where optimization theory predicts one behavior and the matching law predicts another,

Accepted Answer

A)  animals usually behave as the matching law predicts.
B)  animals usually behave as optimization theory predicts.
C)  animals shift back and forth,sometimes following the matching law and sometimes optimization theory.
D)  people follow the matching law but animals do not.

Question 17

In phase 1 of a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules,a human subject receives 25% of his reinforcers by making a left response.In phase 2,he receives 75% of his reinforcers by making a left response.The subject's percentage of left responses is 35% in phase 1,and 95% in phase 2.This performance is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  matching
B)  undermatching
C)  overmatching
D)  bias

Question 18

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to stop spending money impulsively is

Accepted Answer

A)  destroy your credit cards
B)  do not bring a lot of money when you go shopping
C)  carry a picture of some expensive item for which you are saving in your wallet
D)  never make a shopping list

Question 19

In phase 1 of a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules,a human subject receives 25% of his reinforcers by making a left response.In phase 2,he receives 75% of his reinforcers by making a left response.The subject's percentage of left responses is 40% in phase 1,and 60% in phase 2.This performance is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  matching
B)  undermatching
C)  overmatching
D)  bias

Question 20

A self-control choice is a choice between a _______ reinforcer and a _______ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  small and immediate;large and delayed
B)  small and delayed;large and immediate
C)  small and risky;large and guaranteed
D)  immediate and guaranteed;delayed and risky

Exam 13: Choice

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to lose weight is

In a two-choice situation for pigeons,the left key has a VI schedule that delivers 60 reinforcers per hour,and the right key has a VI schedule that delivers 20 reinforcers per hour.The matching law predicts that a pigeon will make _______ of its responses on the left key.

The tragedy of the commons can be averted by

According to momentary maximization theory,in a concurrent VI VI situation,a subject will

A pigeon responds on a concurrent VI 60-second VI 60-second schedule.If this animal's behavior roughly follows the matching law,it will probably receive

Cases in which people choose a small immediate reinforcer instead of a larger delay reinforcer can be viewed as evidence

Pigeons are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer instead of an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if

The matching law has been applied to choice situations where the two options differ in

Children are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer over an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if

According to melioration theory,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

Studies with animals have shown that in a self-control situation,the use of a precommitment procedure is more effective in increasing the number of large-reinforcer choices if

According to the matching law,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

To apply the matching law to cases where the researcher presents only one reinforcement schedule,such as a VI schedule with food reinforcement,Herrnstein assumed that

Herrnstein has applied the matching law to situations where a subject responds on VI schedules of different sizes,but only one schedule is presented at a time.He assumed that if the reinforcement for extraneous behaviors is increased

Experiments have shown that in situations where optimization theory predicts one behavior and the matching law predicts another,

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to stop spending money impulsively is

A self-control choice is a choice between a _ reinforcer and a _ reinforcer.