Question 1

In his research,Gif examined whether people living in high-crime neighborhoods are more likely to have guns at home for protection than those living in low-crime areas.His unit of analysis was:

Accepted Answer

A)  organizations 
B)  social artifacts 
C)  individuals 
D)  groups

Question 2

Basing conclusions on the statistical relationship between two variables in a study with a less-than-ideal number of cases may compromise:

Accepted Answer

A)  external validity 
B)  internal validity 
C)  construct validity 
D)  statistical conclusion validity

Question 3

In an examination of violent crime among the most populous nations in the world,the United States ranks very high along with England,France and Australia.The chance of being raped is higher in France than in the United States.What units of analysis are being used?

Accepted Answer

A)  individuals 
B)  organizations 
C)  social artifacts 
D)  groups

Question 4

Causation in social science is the foundation for exploratory research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

If a researcher restricts the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in criminal justice research,they are committing the error of _____________?

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a researcher restricts the kinds of...

Question 6

Which of the following is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  X is a sufficient cause of Y if Y always happens when X is present 
B)  Y is a necessary cause of X if Y always happens when X does 
C)  X is a necessary cause of Y only if Y happens before X 
D)  Y is a sufficient cause of X only if X happens before Y

Question 7

Which term best describes-an overly strict limitation on the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in explaining the broad range of human behavior represented by crime and criminal justice policy?

Accepted Answer

A)  individualistic fallacy 
B)  ecological fallacy 
C)  reductionism 
D)  pluralism

Question 8

Joseph Maxwell identified "how credible and believable it is" as one criterion for assessing an idiographic
explanation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

In order to avoid mistaken inferences,researchers must be careful to specify the people or phenomena being studied,known as the ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In order to avoid mistaken inferences,researchers must...

Question 10

Which of the following is not a type of longitudinal study?

Accepted Answer

A)  cross-sectional study 
B)  panel study 
C)  trend study 
D)  cohort study

Question 11

Nonsystematic bias would be found in what type of validity problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  internal validity 
B)  statistical conclusion validity 
C)  external validity 
D)  construct validity

Question 12

A major mid-western university does annual surveys of its alumni.These surveys are designed to gauge the attitudes that alumni hold about the university,its academic programs,and the major team sports.These surveys have been an annual event for the last two decades and represent which type of study?

Accepted Answer

A)  cohort study 
B)  panel study 
C)  trend study 
D)  cross-sectional study

Question 13

Key elements in planning a research study include:

Accepted Answer

A)  units of analysis 
B)  time dimension 
C)  causation 
D)  all are correct

Question 14

The well-known Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment,discussed in Chapter 1,provides another example of

Accepted Answer

A)  construct validity problems 
B)  internal validity problems 
C)  statistical validity problems 
D)  replication validity problems

Question 15

Regarding nomothetic explanation,which of the following specific criteria for causality do researchers consider?

Accepted Answer

A)  two variables must vary together-they must be empirically correlated. 
B)  the cause must occur before the effect. 
C)  the empirical correlation between cause and effect is not due to some other factor. 
D)  all of the above

Question 16

Causally related can also be expressed as

Accepted Answer

A)  one relies upon the other 
B)  one precedes the other 
C)  one causes the other 
D)  none of the above

Question 17

In the following research conclusion,what units of analysis are being used? "An enormous variation of deviant activities was represented in a sample of 1,485 news items.We categorized these deviant activities into five general types of analysis: violence,economic,political,ideological/cultural and diversionary."

Accepted Answer

A)  individuals 
B)  social artifacts 
C)  organizations 
D)  groups

Question 18

Which of the following is true with respect to validity threats?

Accepted Answer

A)  internal validity leads to problems with generalization 
B)  construct validity makes it easy to establish cause and effect 
C)  internal validity arises from bias 
D)  statistical conclusion validity impacts what groups the findings apply to

Question 19

Observations of shoplifters in Pueblo,Colorado characterized as "72 percent men and 28 percent women,with an average age of 15.4 years" constitutes which type of analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  descriptive analysis 
B)  variegated analysis 
C)  trend analysis 
D)  cohort analysis

Question 20

A(n) _________cause is a condition that must be present for the effect to follow.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A(n) _________cause is a condition that must...

Exam 4: General Issues In Research Design