Question 1

Occasionally, the mass public votes directly on an issue of foreign policy significance, such as when

Accepted Answer

A)  Switzerland voted to leave the United Nations. 
B)  the United States ratified the Maastricht Treaty. 
C)  Britain voted on whether the state will remain in the European Union. 
D)  Germans voted to begin World War II. 
E)  Russians voted to end the Soviet Union.

Question 2

One function of perceptions in the decision-making process is an "orienting" function. This means that perceptions

Accepted Answer

A)  provide guidance about future expectations. 
B)  lay out relevant choices. 
C)  permit an individual to synthesize and interpret information. 
D)  stipulate goals. 
E)  provide unbiased information.

Question 3

Individuals with an "independent" (rather than "participatory") orientation to foreign affairs

Accepted Answer

A)  have a high level of nationalism. 
B)  have little belief in their own ability to control events. 
C)  have a high need for affiliation. 
D)  have high levels of conceptual complexity. 
E)  have low levels of distrust of others.

Question 4

The set of images created by perceptions and that guide individuals in making certain policy choices are collectively called

Accepted Answer

A)  a belief system. 
B)  cognitive consistency. 
C)  an evoked set. 
D)  groupthink. 
E)  a balance of power.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of the frustration-aggression syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jimmy Carter launching a rescue mission to free the Iranian hostages 
B)  Gorbachev's attempts to reform the Soviet economy 
C)  the war over the Falkland Islands 
D)  the Palestinians' often violent attacks on Israel 
E)  Armand Hammer's behavior after the Chernobyl nuclear accident

Question 6

During the 1956 Suez Crisis, British prime minister Eden compared Egyptian president Nasser to Hitler, drawing the analogy that since Hitler could not be appeased at Munich, Nasser could not be appeased here. This is an example of using

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive consistency. 
B)  an evoked set. 
C)  satisficing. 
D)  groupthink. 
E)  mirror imaging.

Question 7

Beyond psychological techniques, such as the evoked set and mirror image to process new information, individuals in small groups are affected by pressure for group solidarity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Why do mass publics matter to liberals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because they help formulate the state's interests. 
B)  Because they influence groupthink dynamics. 
C)  Mass publics do not matter to liberals. 
D)  Because they affect track-two diplomacy. 
E)  Because they create mirror images for elites.

Question 9

Alternative critical and postmodernist approaches are drawing attention to the role that marginalized groups play in international relations, including

Accepted Answer

A)  Gorbachev's refusal to accept international aid following the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. 
B)  the activities of diplomatic wives and women factory workers. 
C)  Soviet citizens' private efforts to rescue Vietnamese prisoners of war. 
D)  the actions of U.S. military leaders during Vietnam. 
E)  the United States ending its embargo against Cuba.

Question 10

Track-two diplomacy occurs when mass actions by a leaderless public shape the relationships between two states.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

What is the relationship between public opinion and elite actions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Elite policy is always a reflection of public attitudes. 
B)  Elite policy is never a reflection of public attitudes. 
C)  Elite policy is sometimes shaped by public attitudes. 
D)  The relationships between the two have not been fully investigated by international relations scholars. 
E)  Elite policy always creates supportive public attitudes.

Question 12

When it comes to foreign policy and other international issues, leaders often pay attention to the dominant moods of the public, which can be measured by

Accepted Answer

A)  television news coverage. 
B)  congressional voting records. 
C)  public-opinion polls. 
D)  frequent referendums. 
E)  United Nations voting patterns.

Question 13

The psychological bias that leads individuals to select or amplify information that supports their existing beliefs and ignore or downplay contradictory information is called

Accepted Answer

A)  groupthink. 
B)  mirror imaging. 
C)  satisficing. 
D)  cognitive consistency. 
E)  rationality.

Question 14

Individuals are only able to affect dramatic foreign policy changes in non-democratic states because democratic leaders are too constrained by institutions to be able to do so.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which two theories argue that individuals are constrained by the international system, and therefore individuals are of little importance to analyze?

Accepted Answer

A)  liberalism and neorealism 
B)  constructivism and liberalism 
C)  neorealism and radicalism 
D)  radicalism and constructivism 
E)  liberalism and realism

Question 16

Private individuals often affect international relations by

Accepted Answer

A)  engaging in activities in which officials are unwilling to participate. 
B)  following the same "rules of the game" as official representatives. 
C)  leading revolutions. 
D)  making speeches at the United Nations. 
E)  voting on policy choices.

Question 17

The psychological tendencies of mass publics

Accepted Answer

A)  did not lead people to see the United States and Soviet Union as mirror images during the Cold War. 
B)  are more complex than those of elite individuals and small groups. 
C)  are the same as those of elite individuals and small groups. 
D)  are key characteristics of track-two diplomacy. 
E)  define what we mean by "groupthink."

Question 18

Compare and contrast the role that the individual plays in international politics according to realists, liberals, constructivists, and radicals. Which of these theories do you think best captures the role that the individual plays in international politics? Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the role that the...

Question 19

________ is the tendency to look for details in a present situation that are similar to information previously obtained, leading one to conclusions that are similar to those of the past.

Accepted Answer

A)  Groupthink 
B)  Mirror imaging 
C)  Satisficing 
D)  An evoked set 
E)  Cognitive consistency

Question 20

Individuals can make more of a difference in international relations when political institutions are unstable or new than when political institutions are well established and functioning smoothly.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 6: The Individual

Occasionally, the mass public votes directly on an issue of foreign policy significance, such as when

One function of perceptions in the decision-making process is an "orienting" function. This means that perceptions

Individuals with an "independent" (rather than "participatory") orientation to foreign affairs

The set of images created by perceptions and that guide individuals in making certain policy choices are collectively called

Which of the following is an example of the frustration-aggression syndrome?

During the 1956 Suez Crisis, British prime minister Eden compared Egyptian president Nasser to Hitler, drawing the analogy that since Hitler could not be appeased at Munich, Nasser could not be appeased here. This is an example of using

Beyond psychological techniques, such as the evoked set and mirror image to process new information, individuals in small groups are affected by pressure for group solidarity.

Why do mass publics matter to liberals?

Alternative critical and postmodernist approaches are drawing attention to the role that marginalized groups play in international relations, including

Track-two diplomacy occurs when mass actions by a leaderless public shape the relationships between two states.

What is the relationship between public opinion and elite actions?

When it comes to foreign policy and other international issues, leaders often pay attention to the dominant moods of the public, which can be measured by

The psychological bias that leads individuals to select or amplify information that supports their existing beliefs and ignore or downplay contradictory information is called

Individuals are only able to affect dramatic foreign policy changes in non-democratic states because democratic leaders are too constrained by institutions to be able to do so.

Which two theories argue that individuals are constrained by the international system, and therefore individuals are of little importance to analyze?

Private individuals often affect international relations by

The psychological tendencies of mass publics

Compare and contrast the role that the individual plays in international politics according to realists, liberals, constructivists, and radicals. Which of these theories do you think best captures the role that the individual plays in international politics? Why?

________ is the tendency to look for details in a present situation that are similar to information previously obtained, leading one to conclusions that are similar to those of the past.

Individuals can make more of a difference in international relations when political institutions are unstable or new than when political institutions are well established and functioning smoothly.