Question 1

Identify the major agents of socialization. Describe their role in the socialization process of children and adults. Discuss the differences in the socialization process for adults and children.

Accepted Answer

The major agents of socialization include family, peers, school, media, and religion. Each of these agents plays a significant role in shaping the socialization process of both children and adults.

Family is often considered the most influential agent of socialization, as it is the primary source of a child's early socialization experiences. Parents and siblings teach children societal norms, values, and behaviors through direct instruction, modeling, and reinforcement. As children grow, their peers also become important agents of socialization, as they learn to navigate social relationships, develop a sense of identity, and learn about societal expectations through interactions with their friends.

Schools also play a crucial role in the socialization process, as they provide children with formal education, teach them about societal norms and values, and help them develop social skills. The media, including television, movies, and the internet, also influences socialization by shaping individuals' perceptions of the world and providing them with information about societal norms and behaviors. Religion can also be a significant agent of socialization, as it provides individuals with a set of beliefs, values, and moral guidelines that shape their worldview and behavior.

The socialization process for adults differs from that of children in several ways. While children are primarily socialized through direct instruction and modeling by their primary agents of socialization, adults continue to be influenced by these agents but also have the ability to seek out new sources of socialization, such as workplace environments, community organizations, and social media. Additionally, adults have already internalized many societal norms and values, so their socialization process may involve more subtle changes in behavior and attitudes rather than the foundational learning experienced by children.

In conclusion, the major agents of socialization play a crucial role in shaping the beliefs, values, and behaviors of both children and adults. While the socialization process differs for children and adults, the influence of these agents remains significant throughout an individual's life.

Question 2

According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's model was that it___________________________________.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​underestimated human potential for immorality
B)   ​was based on only male respondents
C)   ​ignored key social psychological insights
D)   ​overemphasized the subconscious mind B

Question 3

Sociologist William Corsaro states that __________ is a stable set of activities or routines, artifacts, values, and concerns that children produce and share and that emerges through interaction as children "borrow" from the adult culture.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​peer culture
B)   ​universal society
C)   ​social culture
D)   ​transitional society A

Question 4

Describe the moral development theory of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg and discuss psychologist Carol Gilligan's view on gender and moral development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the moral development theory of psychologist...

Question 5

__________ focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, __________ assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​Psychologists / sociologists
B)   ​Sociologists / sociobiologists
C)   ​Sociobiologists / psychologists
D)   ​Sociobiologists / sociologists

Question 6

Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic‑like room in her grandfather's house, because __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​he was studying the parenting habits of young, unmarried mothers
B)   ​he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation
C)   ​he was attempting to determine how children develop a generalized other
D)   ​he was interested in the impact of sexual abuse on later human behavior

Question 7

What is it that sets peer groups apart from schools and families as agents of socialization?

Accepted Answer

A)   ​Peer groups tend to be larger than most families.
B)   ​Unlike schools and families, peer groups are sources of informal socialization.
C)   ​Peer groups are more likely to teach cultural norms than are families or schools.
D)   ​Unlike schools and families, peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority.

Question 8

There is hardly any human behavior that is not influenced by social interaction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ stage of self development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​play
B)   ​preparatory
C)   ​game
D)   ​assimilation

Question 10

A teenage boy, nervous because he is about to go out on his first date, receives advice from his older sister about how to act. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​self-representation
B)   ​acculturation
C)   ​socialization
D)   ​assimilation

Question 11

Aaron's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Aaron's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Aaron's __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​generalized others
B)   ​secondary group members
C)   ​significant others
D)   ​reference group members

Question 12

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​id
B)   ​ego
C)   ​superego
D)   ​libido

Question 13

__________ is the term for the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

Accepted Answer

A)   Interaction forum​
B)   ​Agent of socialization
C)   ​Social reference
D)   ​Significant other

Question 14

The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​subjective
B)   ​objective
C)   ​imaginary
D)   ​neutral

Question 15

Freud's psychoanalytic theory of human development was a product of the Victorian era and has little or no relevance for understanding human development today.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which of these statements about the self or self-concept is false?

Accepted Answer

A)   ​One's sense of self is not present at birth.
B)   ​In early childhood one's focus is on the physical and active self.
C)   ​Self-concept is the basis for communication with others.
D)   ​Self-concept is fixed in childhood and unchanging after.

Question 17

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Tamara noted that both containers still had the same amount of water, even though they were different shapes and sizes. This would indicate that Tamara is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​sensorimotor
B)   ​concrete operational
C)   ​formal operational
D)   ​preoperational

Question 18

With regard to African American families,______________________________.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​children are taught to think of gender strictly in "male-female" terms and very conventional roles
B)   ​both daughters and sons are socialized toward autonomy, independence, self‑confidence, and nurturance of children
C)   ​children had "othermothers" who played an important role in their socialization
D)   ​gender socialization followed the same pattern as in white, middle‑class families.

Question 19

__________ is the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experience. It may be voluntary or involuntary.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​Social reevaluation
B)   ​Resocialization
C)   ​Value clarification
D)   ​Social devaluation

Question 20

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the __________ stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract thought and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​sensorimotor
B)   ​preoperational
C)   ​formal operational
D)   ​concrete operational

Exam 3: Socialization