Question 1

Bem argues that gender acquisition involves the enculturation of three specific lenses. What are these lenses? Specifically, how do they each contribute to gender acquisition? What role do metamessages play in this process?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bem argues that gender acquisition involves the...

Question 2

Explain identification theory and how it could be construed as "sexist."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain identification theory and how it could...

Question 3

Studies show that while most Americans prefer sons as firstborns, they prefer daughters to outnumber sons.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true about the process of socialization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Socialization occurs only during early childhood. 
B)  Socialization is a way of transmitting society's norms. 
C)  Socialization is a way of teaching society's values. 
D)  Gender socialization is often a conscious effort.

Question 5

There has been no improvement in the number of female characters in preschoolers' books since 1972, when Lenore Weitzman did her research on this topic.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

In Nancy Chodorow's revision of identification theory, it is hypothesized that gender identification is more difficult for boys because

Accepted Answer

A)  they must model their behavior after a parent of the opposite sex. 
B)  they must psychologically separate themselves from their primary caretaker and model themselves after a parent who is usually absent from the home. 
C)  they suffer from womb envy. 
D)  their relationship with their mother leads them to put others' needs before their own.

Question 7

Compare and contrast the gender attitudes of lesbian parents to heterosexual parents. Cite research to support your answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the gender attitudes of...

Question 8

The belief that males and females are not only fundamentally different, but also that sex is a central organizing principle for the social life of a society is called gender

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition. 
B)  polarization. 
C)  identification. 
D)  reinforcement.

Question 9

Research on early peer group socialization indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  young children have difficulty working cooperatively in sex-integrated groups. 
B)  children's same-sex peers are powerful socializers. 
C)  young boys tend to interact in smaller peer groups than young girls do. 
D)  girls receive greater criticism from their peers for gender inappropriate behavior than boys do.

Question 10

Studies of parental treatment of infants show that parents

Accepted Answer

A)  engage in the same forms of physical contact with both their sons and daughters. 
B)  respond in the same way to boy and girl babies' cries for attention. 
C)  elicit more motor activity from their sons. 
D)  none of the above

Question 11

The success of publishers' efforts to produce nonsexist children's books may be limited because

Accepted Answer

A)  authors have refused to comply with publishers' guidelines. 
B)  children naturally develop gender stereotypes regardless of what they see in their books. 
C)  adults who read the books to the children assign gender labels to gender-neutral characters. 
D)  all of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is a criticism of the social learning theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children have some knowledge of gender apart from what they learn from modeling. 
B)  The notion of "reinforcement" is not scientifically valid because it cannot be observed. 
C)  It is a fact that children do not create schema or mental categories. 
D)  The theory depicts children as active creators of socialization messages.

Question 13

Social learning theories predict that children will imitate individuals portrayed in the media rather than those they have personal interaction with on a daily basis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Research indicates all EXCEPT the following:

Accepted Answer

A)  Fathers are warmer to their daughters. 
B)  Mothers are warmer toward their daughters than fathers. 
C)  Mothers are more attentive to the emotions of daughter 
D)  Fathers are more attuned to the emotions of their sons.

Question 15

Cognitive developmental theory helps to explain children's

Accepted Answer

A)  preferences for same-sex friends. 
B)  preferences for sex-typed toys. 
C)  expression of stereotyped ideas about gender. 
D)  all of the above

Question 16

Research indicates that children show preference for gender-stereotyped toys by the age of

Accepted Answer

A)  18 months. 
B)  3. 
C)  5. 
D)  7.

Question 17

Children use the category of sex to

Accepted Answer

A)  label themselves and organize identities. 
B)  draw conclusions about ambiguous behavior. 
C)  determine their sexual orientation. 
D)  both a and b

Question 18

Hill (2005) concludes the following about race, class and gender:

Accepted Answer

A)  Gender socialization matters less for African Americans as they struggle to care for their children. 
B)  Racial inequality affects all parenting and gender socialization despite one's racial identity. 
C)  Race and class are not related when exploring socialization. 
D)  all of the above

Question 19

Comparisons of children's books written and illustrated by African Americans and White Americans reveal that books written and illustrated by

Accepted Answer

A)  White Americans give female characters the greatest visibility. 
B)  White Americans depict female characters as competitive and persistent. 
C)  African Americans give female characters the greatest visibility. 
D)  African Americans depict female characters as competitive, persistent, emotional, active, nurturing, and aggressive. 
E)  both C and D above

Question 20

Studies of parents' reactions to the sex of their newborn children indicate that

Accepted Answer

A)  gender socialization begins immediately after birth. 
B)  new parents rarely use gender stereotypical comments to describe their newborn. 
C)  parents of girls are likely to handle their babies more than parents of boys. 
D)  all of the above

Exam 4: Early Childhood Gender Socialization

Bem argues that gender acquisition involves the enculturation of three specific lenses. What are these lenses? Specifically, how do they each contribute to gender acquisition? What role do metamessages play in this process?

Explain identification theory and how it could be construed as "sexist."

Studies show that while most Americans prefer sons as firstborns, they prefer daughters to outnumber sons.

Which of the following is NOT true about the process of socialization?

There has been no improvement in the number of female characters in preschoolers' books since 1972, when Lenore Weitzman did her research on this topic.

In Nancy Chodorow's revision of identification theory, it is hypothesized that gender identification is more difficult for boys because

Compare and contrast the gender attitudes of lesbian parents to heterosexual parents. Cite research to support your answer.

The belief that males and females are not only fundamentally different, but also that sex is a central organizing principle for the social life of a society is called gender

Research on early peer group socialization indicates that

Studies of parental treatment of infants show that parents

The success of publishers' efforts to produce nonsexist children's books may be limited because

Which of the following is a criticism of the social learning theory?

Social learning theories predict that children will imitate individuals portrayed in the media rather than those they have personal interaction with on a daily basis.

Research indicates all EXCEPT the following:

Cognitive developmental theory helps to explain children's

Research indicates that children show preference for gender-stereotyped toys by the age of

Children use the category of sex to

Hill (2005) concludes the following about race, class and gender:

Comparisons of children's books written and illustrated by African Americans and White Americans reveal that books written and illustrated by

Studies of parents' reactions to the sex of their newborn children indicate that