A 22-Year-Old Female with a History of Intermittent Flank Pain

A 22-year-old female with a history of intermittent flank pain, repeated UTIs, and hematuria has been diagnosed with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) . Which of the following phenomena has most likely contributed to the development of this diagnosis?

A) UTIs coupled with an impaired immune response have caused her ADPKD.
B) She has inherited a tendency for epithelial cells in her tubules to proliferate inappropriately.
C) Severe hypertension and portal hypertension are likely precursors.
D) She has inherited undersized kidneys that are prone to calculi formation.

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