Question 1

Negative racial attitudes are:

Accepted Answer

A) a type of prejudice that occurs at the individual level 
B) feelings that people are aware of 
C) macro-level status beliefs 
D) perceptions that transcend groups and social settings 
E) all of the above

Question 2

Among African Americans, members of the Millennial generation are less likely than older age cohorts to attribute racial inequality to discrimination.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Sherif's famous camp studies, discussed in Chapter 12, were one of the first:

Accepted Answer

A) common identity interventions 
B) expectation training interventions 
C) multiability task interventions 
D) priming interventions 
E) status-ability interventions

Question 4

The Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBras) has three dimensions. They are Racial Privilege, Blatant Racial Issues, and:

Accepted Answer

A) Empathic Responsiveness 
B) Implicit Associations 
C) Institutional Discrimination 
D) Laissez-Faire Beliefs 
E) Private Awareness

Question 5

Stereotype threat has been measured on a survey as the extent to which individuals:

Accepted Answer

A) believe in negative cultural stereotypes about their racial or ethnic group and feel that others shared this view 
B) care about others' views 
C) fear negative reactions from others 
D) have experienced racially motivated discrimination within a set timeframe (e.g., the past month) 
E) both b and c

Question 6

The White racial frame:

Accepted Answer

A) developed as a response to postmodernism 
B) emerged in the post-civil rights era 
C) has yet to become the dominant racial ideology in this country 
D) is not prominent among children and young adults 
E) is rooted in colonial America

Question 7

What is color-blind racism? Why does Bonilla-Silva call color-blind racism "racism without racists"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is color-blind racism? Why does Bonilla-Silva...

Question 8

According to Hughes and associates (2006) comprehensive review of the literature on racial socialization, discussed in Chapter 12, the messages minority parents convey to their children about race/ethnicity fall into all of the following four categories except:

Accepted Answer

A) cultural socialization 
B) finding alternatives to higher education 
C) mistrust of other racial groups 
D) preparation for bias 
E) racial equality and the importance of hard work

Question 9

Common-identity interventions involve:

Accepted Answer

A) activities that facilitate interdependent cooperation between groups of equal status 
B) changing people's attitudes toward dissimilar others by disrupting the self-fulfilling prophecy associated with labeling 
C) encouraging people in multiethnic settings to befriend individuals with similar characteristics and preferences 
D) keeping groups separate until strong social identities and feelings of group solidarity emerge 
E) reminding people in communal settings that everyone has the same essential characteristics

Question 10

Sociological social psychologists define prejudice as:

Accepted Answer

A) the affective component of cultural stereotypes 
B) the emotion people associate with physical characteristics different from their own 
C) the feeling that arises as the result of the shared perception of superiority among members of the dominant group within society 
D) the negative characteristics associated with particular groups within society 
E) the pattern of dominance and oppression that emerges when two groups with competing interests compete over scarce resources

Question 11

What theory explains why making discrimination illegal would reduce prejudice at the individual level?

Accepted Answer

A) self-perception theory 
B) social exchange theory 
C) social identity theory 
D) social learning theory 
E) status characteristics theory

Question 12

Social attitudes and beliefs are usually more liberal among younger generations. The relationship between generation and beliefs about racial inequality among African Americans is the exception to this pattern. Which of the following explanations has NOT been cited as a potential reason for generational differences in beliefs about the causes of racial inequality among African Americans?

Accepted Answer

A) decreases in racial discrimination within this society 
B) decreases in young Blacks' sensitivity to discrimination 
C) increases in drug use among African Americans 
D) increases in the amount of time that has elapsed since the civil rights movement, which mobilized Blacks and increased their solidarity 
E) increases in the degree of variation in socioeconomic resources among the Black population

Question 13

Who focuses on expectations training and multiability interventions?

Accepted Answer

A) Chicago school symbolic interactionists 
B) identity theorists working within social structure and personality 
C) social identity theorists working within the group processes and structures orientation 
D) social exchange theorists studying commitment and trust in social relationships 
E) status characteristics theorists, who do experimental sociology

Question 14

Discuss the limitations of micro-level interventions. Describe at least two macro-level interventions and their likely effectiveness. Why, despite their potential effectiveness, do the majority of whites in this country oppose these latter policies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the limitations of micro-level interventions. Describe...

Question 15

In bystander experiments, diffusion of responsibility is often used by Whites to justify not helping a Black emergency victim. How do researchers know this? Because:

Accepted Answer

A) Black subjects have a much higher rate than White subjects of helping Black emergency victims 
B) the recorded brainwaves of the White subjects in these experiments show the kind of patterns associated with negative emotions like prejudice when there are numerous other witnesses present 
C) White subjects are less likely to help a Black than a White victim only when there are other witnesses to the alleged emergency 
D) White subjects have been socialized to avoid interracial situations 
E) White subjects often indicate that they would feel anxious interaction with someone of a different race on postexperimental questionnaires

Question 16

About 70% of White adults in the United States believe that racial inequality is due to structural causes (i.e., discrimination)

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

According to self-perception theory:

Accepted Answer

A) African Americans tend to compare themselves to other African Americans rather than to Whites 
B) attitudes shape behavior in most, but not all, social settings 
C) behavior shapes attitudes whenever an external cause for one's action isn't readily apparent 
D) race/ethnicity often serves as the basis for socially based identities 
E) Whites feel better about themselves when they compare themselves to economically disadvantaged racial/ethnic minorities

Question 18

Whites are likely to discriminate against African Americans when:

Accepted Answer

A) African American are better off socioeconomically than they are 
B) social norms defining appropriate behavior are unclear 
C) there are explicit guidelines for behavior that are inconsistent with local norms 
D) they (Whites) can get away with doing so without having to worry about being sanctioned 
E) they (Whites) can't justify their behavior by focusing on factors unrelated to race

Question 19

What is a token? Discuss the results of research in social structure and personality on tokenism. How might this literature be used to inform organizational policies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a token? Discuss the results...

Question 20

Whites' belief that everyone is equal, combined with a lack of a support for the types of public policies (e.g., affirmative action) that would reduce racial inequality, is called:

Accepted Answer

A) color-blind racism 
B) explicit racism 
C) implicit racism 
D) laissez faire racism 
E) symbolic racism

Exam 12: Prejudice and Discrimination