Question 1

A new trail is about to open in a wilderness area. A committee is tasked with deciding who should, and should not, have access to the trail. The committee decides to ban ATVs and horses from the trail, as well as off-leash dogs because they are incompatible with the safety of hikers, dogs on leashes, and cyclists. The committee's decision reflects:

Accepted Answer

A)  Value hierarchy 
B)  Value balancing 
C)  Value consistency 
D)  Contradictory values 
E)  Instrumental vs. terminal values

Question 2

Which of the following statements regarding presumption is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Presumption identifies which side in a controversy presently occupies the contested ground. 
B)  Artificial presumption is established by governments, institutions, or society. 
C)  Natural presumption is established by observing the order of nature or common practice. 
D)  The "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard illustrates natural presumption.

Question 3

A potential problem with public opinion polls is that respondents may give an answer that they think is politically correct or socially polite, rather than what they really believe. This tendency is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  The forked tongue phenomenon 
B)  The Pinocchio effect 
C)  A Janus-faced response 
D)  Social desirability bias 
E)  Double-dealing

Question 4

You and a friend are arguing about what the greatest sport in the world is. Your friend says soccer is the greatest sport in the world. What value criteria would you use to champion another sport (your choice) as the greatest in the world?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You and a friend are arguing about...

Question 5

A pro-reparations advocate argues, "Reparations would not involve the federal government writing a check to every black person in the U.S. One option would be for Congress to establish a federally-funded education trust to help descendants of slaves attend college." The arguer is focusing primarily on which stock issue below?

Accepted Answer

A)  Significance 
B)  Inherency 
C)  Solvency 
D)  Comparative advantage

Question 6

Select a specific controversial issue in the public domain and write a policy claim, a value or judgment claim, and a factual claim associated with that issue.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Select a specific controversial issue in the...

Question 7

Which concept reflects the view that the status quo is satisfactory and the existing order should remain as it is, absent a clear and convincing case to the contrary?

Accepted Answer

A)  Burden of proof 
B)  Prima facie case 
C)  Presumption 
D)  Burden of clash

Question 8

How are value and policy claims interrelated? Provide a specific example of how the two are intertwined.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How are value and policy claims interrelated?...

Question 9

Which of the following best represents a definitional dispute?

Accepted Answer

A)  Capital punishment should be abolished worldwide. 
B)  Capital punishment is unconstitutional, based on the Eighth Amendment's ban on "cruel and unusual" punishment. 
C)  China, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and the USA carry out the most executions per year. 
D)  Capital punishment perpetuates racial injustice because it is imposed disproportionately on poor, powerless people of color.

Question 10

An advocate must provide "good and sufficient reasons" in order to:

Accepted Answer

A)  Continue to enjoy presumption 
B)  Meet her/his burden of proof 
C)  Meet his/her burden of clash 
D)  Have the right to argue 
E)  Avoid the backfire effect

Question 11

Once an arguer has provided a prima facie case, the recipient of the argument has:

Accepted Answer

A)  The burden of proof 
B)  The burden of rebuttal 
C)  Presumption 
D)  Burden of evidence 
E)  Burden of reasoning

Question 12

The process of discovering the key issues surrounding a controversy, and developing arguments and evidence that address those issues, is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Brainstorming 
B)  Discovery 
C)  Critical thinking 
D)  Invention 
E)  Thinking outside the box

Exam 12: Effective Advocacy