Question 1

Which statement about phobias is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They involve fears that the person cannot recognize as extreme or irrational. 
B)  They do not differ among people from different cultures 
C)  They can be effectively treated by having the person relax while presenting the feared stimulus in gradually increasing intensities. 
D)  They are rarely so severe that they affect the quality of a person's life.

Question 2

Identify several therapeutic uses for the benzodiazepine drugs. Give three reasons for why benzodiazepines are generally preferred over barbiturates as anxiolytics.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify several therapeutic uses for the benzodiazepine...

Question 3

Explain how anxiety can be both important and maladaptive for survival. In your answer describe the three-component model of anxiety.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how anxiety can be both important...

Question 4

Research shows that exposure therapy may be effective in treating _______, as evidenced by a reduction in _______ in patients post-treatment.

Accepted Answer

A)  PTSD; glucocorticoid sensitivity 
B)  depression; cortisol levels 
C)  OCD; drug metabolism 
D)  GAD; dopamine levels

Question 5

Which brain area exerts inhibitory control over the areas involved in emotions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parietal cortex 
B)  Prefrontal cortex 
C)  Limbic system 
D)  Temporal cortex

Question 6

Describe the general classification, characteristics, and uses of anxiolytic drugs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the general classification, characteristics, and uses...

Question 7

Research looking into regions of the mouse hippocampus that play a role in memory encoding and retrieval showed that _______ neural activity in the _______ eliminated context-dependent fear.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased; ventral dentate gyrus 
B)  suppression of; ventral dentate gyrus 
C)  increased; stria terminalis 
D)  suppression of; stria terminalis

Question 8

Which statement about corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  CRF acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. 
B)  Hormonal CRF activates the pituitary glands during stress. 
C)  CRF antagonists that reduce stress or anxiety have yet to be discovered. 
D)  High levels of CRF receptors are found in brain regions involved in anxiety.

Question 9

Describe the unique clinical and synaptic effects of the drug buspirone (BuSpar). What are its advantages and disadvantages over the benzodiazepines?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the unique clinical and synaptic effects...

Question 10

Which of the following may play role in a person's risk of getting PTSD?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased BDZ binding sites 
B)  Increased [11C]flumazenil binding in cortical areas, hippocampus, and thalamus 
C)  Low cortisol levels associated with increased CRF and NE 
D)  Low levels of circulating catecholamines

Question 11

BuSpar's therapeutic effects are related to its actions on _______ receptors.

Accepted Answer

A)  GABAA 
B)  5-HT2A 
C)  5-HT1A 
D)  both GABAA and GABAB

Question 12

Describe an animal model used to study anxiety.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe an animal model used to study...

Question 13

Which of the following is one way that benzodiazepines affect GABA at the synapse?

Accepted Answer

A)  They act as GABA antagonists and produce inhibitory effects. 
B)  They halt inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. 
C)  They result in a local hyperpolarization. 
D)  They block the chloride ion channel.

Question 14

Identify the major brain regions that are involved in anxiety. Which area plays a coordinating role? Cite evidence that shows GABA is involved in these pathways.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify the major brain regions that are...

Question 15

Compare and contrast fear and anxiety with respect to their triggering events and their neurobiology.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

During an induced panic attack, an increase in the physiological signs of panic could be caused by _______, and increased activity of the _______ would make the person more aware of those sensations.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased activity of the hippocampus; amygdala 
B)  decreased activity of the prefrontal cortex; sympathetic nervous system 
C)  increased activity of the amygdala; insula 
D)  increased activity of the insula; prefrontal cortex

Question 17

Provide four pieces of evidence that suggest that norepinephrine plays a central role in the expression and treatment of anxiety disorders.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide four pieces of evidence that suggest...

Question 18

Which statement about OCD is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is characterized by obsessions and compulsions. 
B)  It is currently considered to be the most common type of anxiety disorder. 
C)  People with OCD have delusional thinking and believe their fears are real. 
D)  Only humans and are affected by OCD; it does not occur in animals.

Question 19

In addition to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the _______ appears to play an important role in initiating sustained emotional responses of anxiety when danger signals are unclear.

Accepted Answer

A)  hippocampus 
B)  bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) 
C)  lateral nucleus of the amygdala 
D)  prefrontal cortex (PF
C)

Question 20

Which statement about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is diagnosed more frequently in men than in women 
B)  It is characterized by compulsive behavior done to ward off a perceived impending trauma. 
C)  It is characterized by nightmares and flashbacks in which people relive the traumatic event. 
D)  It is associated with physiological and psychological reactivity to random events.

Exam 17: Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders