Recall That Leonard Berkowitz and His Colleagues Asked Pairs of Men

Recall that Leonard Berkowitz and his colleagues asked pairs of men to work on a series of problems. The men were instructed to deliver shocks to their partners when their performances needed improvement. Some participants were induced to experience anger during the task, whereas others were not. In addition, some participants saw neutral objects next to the machine, some participants saw a gun next to the machine, and some saw no objects. Results showed that

A) the presence of guns had no effect on aggression, regardless of participants' anger levels.
B) angry participants were more aggressive in the no-object and neutral-object conditions than they were in the gun condition.
C) participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions, regardless of their anger levels.
D) participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions only if they were angry.

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