Question 1

What advantage do indirect measures of prejudice, such as the IAT, have over direct self-report measures, such as the Attitudes toward Blacks Scale?

Accepted Answer

The most straightforward way to assess how people feel about various groups is to ask them directly. However, surveys of people's attitudes toward certain groups cannot always be trusted, because respondents may not think it is acceptable to express what they really feel, or because what people report verbally is only a part of their stance toward members of other groups. People may also have implicit beliefs that are not consciously accessible to them. Support for this idea comes from research showing that many people who do not openly endorse any prejudiced beliefs still show evidence of bias on implicit measures.

Question 2

Which of the following scenarios is most consistent with the predictions of social identity theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   Oliver's sense of self was shaped by his mother's parenting style.
B)   Laura's sense of self depends primarily on her personal achievements.
C)   Jason's sense of self is shaped by the triumphs and tribulations of his fraternity.
D)   Mimi's sense of self is shaped by her physical attractiveness in the eyes of others. C

Question 3

Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show

Accepted Answer

A)   ingroup favoritism.
B)   outgroup favoritism.
C)   neither ingroup nor outgroup favoritism.
D)   greater ingroup favoritism compared to groups created on the basis of meaningful criteria. A

Question 4

According to the textbook, all of the following are changes that can be made on a societal level to reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination EXCEPT to

Accepted Answer

A)   honor and enforce civil rights laws.
B)   strive to reduce biased media portrayals of stigmatized groups.
C)   foster competition between groups so that each group is motivated to improve.
D)   give groups more opportunities to work together to achieve common goals.

Question 5

Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from

Accepted Answer

A)   deficits in self-control.
B)   erroneous categorizing and subtyping processes.
C)   threats to self-esteem.
D)   competition over limited resources.

Question 6

Imagine that you are a teacher and want to put the principles of the jigsaw classroom into practice. Describe a class activity that you could use and explain how it should help promote more positive intergroup attitudes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that you are a teacher and...

Question 7

According social identity theory, Jason is more likely to stereotype others and express prejudice when

Accepted Answer

A)   he receives praise from outgroup members.
B)   his own self-esteem is threatened.
C)   he receives praise from ingroup members.
D)   he tries hard not to use stereotypes to judge others.

Question 8

The ________ test has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups.

Accepted Answer

A)   implicit association
B)   draw-a-person
C)   internal attitudes
D)   true beliefs

Question 9

Alec thinks that members of a particular group are hostile, and therefore he acts toward them in a guarded manner. As a result, Alec may elicit a coldness in members of that group that he sees as proof of their hostility. This scenario is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)   ingroup homogeneity.
C)   paired distinctiveness.
D)   illusory correlation.

Question 10

Research on stereotype threat has shown that female students performed

Accepted Answer

A)   better on a verbal test when they took it in the presence of male students.
B)   worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher.
C)   worse on a verbal test when they had to indicate their gender on a demographic questionnaire.
D)   better on a math test when they were threatened with punishment for doing poorly.

Question 11

Research indicates that automatic, negative associations with members of various stigmatized groups appear to be more easily activated among ________ than among ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   high-school educated people; college-educated people
B)   children; adults
C)   prejudiced individuals; nonprejudiced individuals
D)   men; women

Question 12

According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when

Accepted Answer

A)   groups must work together to meet a superordinate goal.
B)   material resources are scarce.
C)   the economy is thriving.
D)   groups value different types of material resources.

Question 13

A class is divided randomly into two teams for a game of Jeopardy. Tamara, the captain of the winning team, is informed that as a prize she can either get twenty pieces of candy for her team, with the losing team getting ten pieces, or she can get fifteen pieces while the losing team gets none. Based on research using the minimal group paradigm, what prize is Tamara most likely to select?

Accepted Answer

A)   twenty pieces for her team and ten for the losing team
B)   fifteen pieces for her team and zero for the losing team
C)   She is likely to request that the two teams split the candy evenly.
D)   She will have no preference between the two prize options.

Question 14

Callie, a college student, believes that all male professors think alike, act alike, and look alike. Callie is demonstrating the ________ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)   paired distinctiveness
B)   outgroup homogeneity
C)   group generalization
D)   subtyping

Question 15

Give an example of a situation where a person might maintain his or her stereotypes about an outgroup through the use of abstract versus concrete construals of an outgroup member's behavior. Under what circumstances would someone be likely to use one type of construal over the other?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give an example of a situation where...

Question 16

Give a real-world example of ethnocentrism and describe how it affects behavior toward ingroup and outgroup members.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give a real-world example of ethnocentrism and...

Question 17

In one study, white participants had to decide as quickly as possible whether an object depicted in a photograph was a handgun or a hand tool. Each photograph was immediately preceded by a picture of either a black face or a white face. Results showed that participants were faster to identify the

Accepted Answer

A)   handgun when it was preceded by a black face.
B)   handgun when it was preceded by a white face.
C)   hand tool when it was preceded by a white face.
D)   Both a and c are correct.

Question 18

Imagine that you want to design an IAT to assess prejudice toward people who are overweight. Describe how you might design such a test, and explain what response patterns would indicate greater prejudice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that you want to design an...

Question 19

Surveys of participants in the Seeds of Peace program, which brings together Israeli and Palestinian teenagers for a three-week summer camp experience, showed that participation in the program led to more favorable intergroup attitudes. Nine months after the program, these attitudes

Accepted Answer

A)   became even more favorable.
B)   waned a bit but were still more favorable than they had been at the beginning of the program.
C)   became less favorable than they had been at the beginning of the program.
D)   remained just as favorable as they were at the end of the program.

Question 20

Stereotypes are

Accepted Answer

A)   unspoken feelings of animosity toward certain groups.
B)   negative behaviors directed toward members of particular groups.
C)   negative affective responses toward certain groups.
D)   generalizations about groups that are often applied to individual group members.

Exam 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination