Question 1

In Freud's model,mental activity is:

Accepted Answer

A)  divided into three zones or levels 
B)  more important than the unconscious 
C)  the domain within which the libido operates 
D)  closely related to id processes

Question 2

According to Kagan and Snidman,when do we see the first evidence of a shy temperament in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  6 weeks 
B)  10 months 
C)  2 years 
D)  5 years

Question 3

As a child,Jonah was awkward and did not have many friends.Consequently,he experienced low self-esteem.Now that he is older,he has developed many solid friendships and feels comfortable around and valued by others.As an adult,his self-esteem has improved dramatically.Which theory would predict this change in self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

A)  terror management theory 
B)  self-monitoring theory 
C)  social schema theory 
D)  sociometer theory

Question 4

Jered was adopted as an infant in 1973.Jered has an identical twin who was also adopted in 1973 but by a different family.As an adult,Jered's personality should most resemble that of:

Accepted Answer

A)  a sibling in his adoptive family 
B)  one or both of his adoptive parents 
C)  one or both of his biological parents 
D)  his identical twin

Question 5

Gordon Allport's conception of personality:

Accepted Answer

A)  emphasized that it is largely a collection of socially created traits 
B)  stressed that it was a dynamic system arising from biological processes 
C)  considers it largely a social construction 
D)  is the outcome of how people think and behave rather than the cause of thinking and behaving

Question 6

In extraverts,the _____ is more active.In introverts,the _____ is more active.

Accepted Answer

A)  BIS; BAS 
B)  BAS; BIS 
C)  prefrontal cortex; amygdala 
D)  amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Question 7

If in your development you had become fixated at the anal stage (according to Freud's theory),which of the following would likely characterize your behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  You would be sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent. 
B)  You would be overly inclined to seek pleasure and avoid pain. 
C)  You would be stubborn and very regulating. 
D)  Your self-esteem would be dependent on others' views of you.

Question 8

Which of the following personality traits exist in most species?

Accepted Answer

A)  extraversion 
B)  neuroticism 
C)  agreeableness 
D)  all of the above

Question 9

The better-than-average effect applies to:

Accepted Answer

A)  almost no one 
B)  about 10 percent of the population 
C)  about 30 percent of the population 
D)  most of the population

Question 10

Psychologists would label a disposition to act in a certain way over time and various situations a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  unconscious process 
B)  genetic disposition 
C)  personality trait 
D)  normative behavior

Question 11

Which of the following have Buss and Plomin identified as basic traits or temperaments in infants?

Accepted Answer

A)  novelty seeking, shyness, and activation 
B)  inhibition, extraversion, and sociability 
C)  activity level, emotionality, and sociability 
D)  shyness, sensation seeking, and agreeableness

Question 12

Alex,a 10-year-old boy,is much more concerned with developing friendships with other males of his age than with girls.He is in which of Freud's psychosexual stages?

Accepted Answer

A)  anal 
B)  phallic 
C)  latency 
D)  genital

Question 13

People who are very _____ may seek out so much environmental stimulation that they get into trouble.People who are very _____ may be so overstimulated by their environments that they feel chronically overwhelmed and uncomfortable.Which brain structure is responsible for consistent differences in understimulation or overstimulation in personality?

Accepted Answer

A)  extraverted; introverted; descending reticular activating system 
B)  extraverted; introverted; ascending reticular activating system 
C)  introverted; extraverted; descending reticular activating system 
D)  introverted; extraverted; ascending reticular activating system

Question 14

Joellie is a competent woman with high self-esteem.She was given a big project at work and was sure that she could complete it on time.Months later,she was not finished with the project and began to blame the project manager."Why did you give me such a hard task? It's not my fault it isn't finished.The project management was terrible,and the project was doomed to fail from the beginning." Joellie is showing evidence of:

Accepted Answer

A)  a self-serving bias 
B)  self-esteem disengagement 
C)  self-sabotage 
D)  a self-deprecating personality style

Question 15

Bandura's cognitive-social theory of personality sees _____ as an important determinant of behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-efficacy 
B)  stereotypes 
C)  attributional style 
D)  biological predispositions

Question 16

Freud argued that defense mechanisms are:

Accepted Answer

A)  strategies the id uses to satisfy the pleasure principle 
B)  mental strategies we consciously employ to deal with unacceptable sexual urges 
C)  unconscious strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress 
D)  strategies employed by the superego to satisfy the reality principle

Question 17

Recently,a massive flood destroyed Isaac's home.Isaac believes he would have died in the flood if his neighbor had not rescued him.According to terror management theory,how is Isaac likely to feel after this traumatic experience?

Accepted Answer

A)  He is likely to become quite depressed due to the terrifying event. 
B)  He may feel very guilty if he knows he survived but others did not. 
C)  He will experience higher than average self-esteem if he engages in meaningful activities. 
D)  He will experience lower than average self-esteem because he had to be rescued by someone.

Question 18

Marta's parents and older siblings have encouraged her to become a doctor or a lawyer,but she would like to be an artist.Which of these theorists would most clearly be in favor of Marta's following her dream of becoming an artist?

Accepted Answer

A)  Shinobu Kitayama 
B)  Sigmund Freud 
C)  Walter Mischel 
D)  Carl Rogers

Question 19

Imagine that Eysenck has classified one of your roommates as an extravert and the other as an introvert.When you come into the room,you slam the door very loudly,surprising them both.Who would show more physiological arousal to this event?

Accepted Answer

A)  the extravert 
B)  the introvert 
C)  they would both show the same level of arousal 
D)  this personality dimension does not allow one to predict the outcome

Question 20

When Pearl was a college student,she worried constantly about many things,such as dating,friendships,and her achievement in school.Now that she is older,she worries about things such as her health,her family's health,and the state of world affairs.This change in the focus of her worrying is called a:

Accepted Answer

A)  personality trait shift 
B)  peripheral adaptation 
C)  characteristic adaptation 
D)  five-factor deviation

Exam 13: Personality