Certain Patients May Fail to Respond to Opioids or May

Certain patients may fail to respond to opioids or may report increased pain (hyperalgesia) when given opioid drugs.This opioid-induced hyperalgesia is likely due _____ in nociceptive pathways in susceptible patients.

A) increased activity of glutamate
B) decreased activity of substance P
C) increased activity of GABA
D) decreased activity of acetylcholine
E) opioids never cause increased pain when administered in clinical situations

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