Question 1

Match the following four research questions with their most effective designs (A-D).
-Which kind of program is more effective in helping at-risk adolescents stay in school: art therapy, art education, or no arts program at all?

Accepted Answer

A)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  R OXOROO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { R } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  R R​ Pretest OO​ Intervention X​ Posttest OO​​ 
B)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  R OX1OROX2OROO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { R } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X}_{1} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X}_{2} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  R RR​ Pretest OOO​ Intervention X1​X2​​ Posttest OOO​​ 
C)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest n/aOXOOXOOXO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline n / a & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline &\mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment n/a​ Pretest OOO​ Intervention XXX​ Posttest OOO​​ 
D)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  No OXO No OO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { No } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline 	ext { No } & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  No  No ​ Pretest OO​ Intervention X​ Posttest OO​​ B

Question 2

Match the following four research questions with their most effective designs (A-D).
-Do adolescents who participate in an art therapy program at "X" Alternative High School have a smaller chance of dropping out of school as compared to the drop-out rates of adolescents in the district public high school?

Accepted Answer

A)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  R OXOROO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { R } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  R R​ Pretest OO​ Intervention X​ Posttest OO​​ 
B)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  R OX1OROX2OROO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { R } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X}_{1} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X}_{2} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  R RR​ Pretest OOO​ Intervention X1​X2​​ Posttest OOO​​ 
C)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest n/aOXOOXOOXO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline n / a & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline &\mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment n/a​ Pretest OOO​ Intervention XXX​ Posttest OOO​​ 
D)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  No OXO No OO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { No } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline 	ext { No } & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  No  No ​ Pretest OO​ Intervention X​ Posttest OO​​ D

Question 3

Design an experiment for a creative problem you can solve in your art studio (e.g. what colors are most effective for expressing a childhood memory?). Then adapt its basic features to apply it to an art therapy problem.

Accepted Answer

Experiment for a Creative Problem in the Art Studio:
Title: Exploring Color and Texture in Expressing Childhood Memories

Objective: To determine which colors and textures are most effective in expressing a specific childhood memory through art.

Hypothesis: I hypothesize that warm, vibrant colors and smooth textures will be most effective in expressing the joy and excitement of a childhood memory.

Materials:
- Canvas or paper
- Acrylic or oil paints in various colors
- Brushes and palette knives
- Different textures such as sand, fabric, or paper
- Pencils and erasers

Procedure:
1. Choose a specific childhood memory to focus on, such as a birthday party or a day at the beach.
2. Create a rough sketch or outline of the memory on the canvas or paper.
3. Divide the canvas into sections and experiment with different color palettes for each section, using both warm and cool colors.
4. Explore different textures by adding them to the paint or directly onto the canvas to see how they enhance the expression of the memory.
5. Step back and evaluate which colors and textures best capture the essence of the childhood memory.
6. Reflect on the process and make any necessary adjustments to the artwork.

Adapting the Experiment for Art Therapy:
Title: Using Color and Texture to Express Emotions in Art Therapy

Objective: To explore how color and texture in art can be used to express and process emotions in a therapeutic setting.

Hypothesis: I hypothesize that using a variety of colors and textures will allow individuals to effectively express and process their emotions through art.

Materials:
- Canvas or paper
- A variety of art supplies such as paints, pastels, markers, and collage materials
- Brushes, palette knives, and other tools for applying and manipulating the materials
- Different textures such as fabric, sand, or tissue paper
- A comfortable and safe space for individuals to create their artwork

Procedure:
1. Invite individuals to choose a specific emotion or experience they would like to express through art.
2. Provide a range of materials and encourage them to experiment with different colors and textures to represent their chosen emotion.
3. Offer support and guidance as needed, allowing individuals to freely express themselves through their artwork.
4. Encourage reflection and discussion about the process and the emotions expressed in the artwork.
5. Explore how the use of color and texture impacted the individual's ability to express and process their emotions.

By adapting the basic features of the original experiment, art therapy can provide a safe and creative outlet for individuals to explore and express their emotions through art. This approach allows for a deeper understanding and processing of emotions, leading to potential therapeutic benefits.

Question 4

Apply your research question to the protocol template found in the text.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Apply your research question to the protocol...

Question 5

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential?
-The degree of change between one session and the next when the same test or measurement is used

Accepted Answer

A)   descriptive
B)   inferential

Question 6

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential?
-The intensity of the effect when compared over time

Accepted Answer

A)   descriptive
B)   inferential

Question 7

Define the conditions of random sampling.

Accepted Answer

A)   Participants are sorted randomly and placed in either an experimental group or a control group.
B)   Participants are selected without knowing what the experimental variable is in the study.
C)   Participants are selected to represent the general population and are randomly placed in either the experimental or control group.
D)   Participants are selected to represent the population being studied and have an equal chance of being placed in the experimental as in the control group.

Question 8

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential?
-The likelihood that the same effect could happen again even when another art therapist facilitates the session

Accepted Answer

A)   descriptive
B)   inferential

Question 9

Shelly wants to know how many of her peers use computers in art therapy. She posts

Accepted Answer

A)   Yes, because 95% is a large enough percentage to show significance.
B)   Yes, survey research is important for disseminating information and predicting trends in the field.
C)   No, because the results are biased toward art therapists under 30 who are more likely to use computers for a variety of purposes including surveys.
D)   No, because a survey cannot adequately address the therapeutic benefits or liabilities of using computers in therapy.

Question 10

An art therapist observes that Mr. Miller is less agitated on days when art therapy is scheduled and more agitated on days when no art therapy is scheduled. She reviews the nursing charts and finds that her observation is confirmed by daily physiological and behavioral assessments recorded by the staff. Is she conducting a valid form of research?

Accepted Answer

A)   Yes, because she has a record of repeated measurements over time that shows a confirming pattern, which she can further test to rule out rival hypotheses.
B)   No, because she does not have a control, and without a larger sample she cannot predict that art therapy is causing Mr. Miller's change in behavior.
C)   Yes, because clinical observations are more valid than experimental designs in showing the effects of art therapy.
D)   No, because she doesn't know how other clients are responding to art therapy and they may be more or less agitated than Mr. Miller.

Question 11

An art therapist collects data from six weekly art therapy sessions conducted at more than one site to show that art therapy reduces the symptoms of depression in clients who have lost a spouse. How could the design be modified to improve external validity?

Accepted Answer

A)   Use more than one test or measurement.
B)   Use a protocol or treatment manual to minimize variations in treatment at each site.
C)   Use a standard test or measurement rather than a self-report.
D)   Eliminate the scores of participants who did not complete the entire 6 weeks of art therapy.

Question 12

Design an experiment to test the following observation (or substitute a problem of your own): Art therapy seems to be an effective for helping children adjust to a new foster home placement. Modify your experiment to make it a single-subject design, a quasi-experiment, and a correlational study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Design an experiment to test the following...

Question 13

An art therapist conducts correlational research by reviewing data on the drawing preferences of people who are in early stage Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following is a positive correlation that her study could identify?

Accepted Answer

A)   There are more patients in early stage Alzheimer's disease who draw images of labyrinths than any other kind of spontaneous image.
B)   Fewer patients in early stage Alzheimer's disease draw images of labyrinths after art therapy treatment than before art therapy treatment.
C)   More patients in early stage Alzheimer's disease draw images of labyrinths than patients in later stages of Alzheimer's.
D)   There was no relation between the preference for drawing labyrinths and the number of patients in early stage Alzheimer's disease.

Question 14

Select a published research study that interests you and create an artwork that best illustrates its findings. Write a reflection on the artwork and how it relates to the study and its strengths or limitations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Select a published research study that interests...

Question 15

Match the following four research questions with their most effective designs (A-D).
-What are the measurable effects of art therapy for each adolescent's risk of dropping out of "X" Alternative High School over the course of a semester?

Accepted Answer

A)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  R OXOROO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { R } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  R R​ Pretest OO​ Intervention X​ Posttest OO​​ 
B)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  R OX1OROX2OROO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { R } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X}_{1} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X}_{2} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  R RR​ Pretest OOO​ Intervention X1​X2​​ Posttest OOO​​ 
C)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest n/aOXOOXOOXO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline n / a & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline &\mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment n/a​ Pretest OOO​ Intervention XXX​ Posttest OOO​​ 
D)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  No OXO No OO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { No } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline 	ext { No } & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  No  No ​ Pretest OO​ Intervention X​ Posttest OO​​

Question 16

Match the following four research questions with their most effective designs (A-D).
-Do at-risk adolescents who participate in an art therapy program have a greater chance of staying in school than at-risk adolescents who do not?

Accepted Answer

A)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  R OXOROO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { R } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  R R​ Pretest OO​ Intervention X​ Posttest OO​​ 
B)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  R OX1OROX2OROO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { R } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X}_{1} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X}_{2} & \mathrm{O} \\hline \mathrm{R} & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  R RR​ Pretest OOO​ Intervention X1​X2​​ Posttest OOO​​ 
C)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest n/aOXOOXOOXO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline n / a & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline &\mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment n/a​ Pretest OOO​ Intervention XXX​ Posttest OOO​​ 
D)     Random Assignment  Pretest  Intervention  Posttest  No OXO No OO\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline 	ext { Random Assignment } & 	ext { Pretest } & 	ext { Intervention } & 	ext { Posttest } \\hline 	ext { No } & \mathrm{O} & \mathrm{X} & \mathrm{O} \\hline 	ext { No } & \mathrm{O} & & \mathrm{O} \\hline\end{array} Random Assignment  No  No ​ Pretest OO​ Intervention X​ Posttest OO​​

Question 17

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential?
-The probability that what happened to a client group was not due to chance

Accepted Answer

A)   descriptive
B)   inferential

Question 18

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential?
-The number of sessions that produce the greatest effect on reducing symptoms in a client group

Accepted Answer

A)   descriptive
B)   inferential

Question 19

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential?
-The comparison of more than one variable in both the control and experimental groups

Accepted Answer

A)   descriptive
B)   inferential

Question 20

Create an artwork that shows a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables (e.g. compositional elements, media interactions, design principles). Then create an artwork that shows a correlational or linear relationship between two variables.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Create an artwork that shows a cause-and-effect...

Exam 4: Quantitative Models of Art Therapy Research

Match the following four research questions with their most effective designs (A-D) . -Which kind of program is more effective in helping at-risk adolescents stay in school: art therapy, art education, or no arts program at all?

Design an experiment for a creative problem you can solve in your art studio (e.g. what colors are most effective for expressing a childhood memory?). Then adapt its basic features to apply it to an art therapy problem.

Apply your research question to the protocol template found in the text.

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential? -The degree of change between one session and the next when the same test or measurement is used

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential? -The intensity of the effect when compared over time

Define the conditions of random sampling.

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential? -The likelihood that the same effect could happen again even when another art therapist facilitates the session

Shelly wants to know how many of her peers use computers in art therapy. She posts

An art therapist collects data from six weekly art therapy sessions conducted at more than one site to show that art therapy reduces the symptoms of depression in clients who have lost a spouse. How could the design be modified to improve external validity?

Design an experiment to test the following observation (or substitute a problem of your own): Art therapy seems to be an effective for helping children adjust to a new foster home placement. Modify your experiment to make it a single-subject design, a quasi-experiment, and a correlational study.

An art therapist conducts correlational research by reviewing data on the drawing preferences of people who are in early stage Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following is a positive correlation that her study could identify?

Select a published research study that interests you and create an artwork that best illustrates its findings. Write a reflection on the artwork and how it relates to the study and its strengths or limitations.

Match the following four research questions with their most effective designs (A-D) . -What are the measurable effects of art therapy for each adolescent's risk of dropping out of "X" Alternative High School over the course of a semester?

Match the following four research questions with their most effective designs (A-D) . -Do at-risk adolescents who participate in an art therapy program have a greater chance of staying in school than at-risk adolescents who do not?

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential? -The probability that what happened to a client group was not due to chance

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential? -The number of sessions that produce the greatest effect on reducing symptoms in a client group

In the following examples, which type of statistics should you use, descriptive or inferential? -The comparison of more than one variable in both the control and experimental groups

Create an artwork that shows a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables (e.g. compositional elements, media interactions, design principles). Then create an artwork that shows a correlational or linear relationship between two variables.