Question 1

Cloaked white-supremacist websites:

Accepted Answer

A)   present themselves as truthful about racial issues.
B)   may seem moderate or even pro-civil rights.
C)   use a combination of carefully chosen domain names, deceptive graphic user interfaces (GUI) , and subtly racist rhetoric that pose a pernicious epistemological threat to racial equality.
D)   work alongside legitimate sites, making the "cloaked" sites seem legitimate to naïve searchers like schoolchildren doing class reports.
E)   All the above E

Question 2

What is a major reason why there are disproportionately large numbers of black men in U.S. prisons?

Accepted Answer

The disproportionately large numbers of black men in U.S. prisons can be attributed to a complex interplay of social, economic, and legal factors. Here are some of the major reasons:

1. **Systemic Racism and Discrimination**: Historical and contemporary systemic racism has contributed to the overrepresentation of black men in the criminal justice system. Racial profiling, discriminatory policing practices, and biases in the legal system can lead to higher arrest rates, harsher sentencing, and a greater likelihood of incarceration for black men compared to their white counterparts.

2. **War on Drugs**: The War on Drugs, initiated in the 1970s, disproportionately targeted communities of color, particularly black communities. Harsh sentencing laws for drug offenses, such as mandatory minimums and three-strikes laws, have led to long prison sentences for many black men, often for non-violent offenses.

3. **Socioeconomic Disparities**: Poverty, lack of access to quality education, and limited employment opportunities disproportionately affect black communities. These socioeconomic challenges can increase the likelihood of engagement in criminal activities and subsequent imprisonment.

4. **Sentencing Disparities**: Studies have shown that black men are often given longer sentences than white men for the same crimes. The disparity in sentencing contributes to the higher numbers of black men in prison.

5. **Criminal Justice Policies**: Policies such as "stop and frisk" and "broken windows policing" have disproportionately affected black men. These policies can lead to higher rates of encounters with law enforcement, resulting in more arrests and convictions.

6. **Implicit Bias**: Implicit biases among law enforcement officers, prosecutors, judges, and jurors can influence decision-making at every stage of the criminal justice process, from arrest to sentencing. These biases can lead to unequal treatment of black men within the system.

7. **Lack of Legal Representation**: Black defendants are more likely to be represented by public defenders due to financial constraints. Overburdened public defenders may not have the resources to provide the same level of defense as privately hired attorneys, potentially leading to worse outcomes for their clients.

8. **Collateral Consequences**: The collateral consequences of criminal convictions, such as difficulty finding employment or housing, can create a cycle of recidivism that is hard to break, particularly for black men who may face additional discrimination.

It is important to note that these factors are interconnected and reinforce each other, creating a complex web that contributes to the overrepresentation of black men in U.S. prisons. Addressing this issue requires comprehensive reform of the criminal justice system, as well as broader societal changes to tackle the root causes of inequality and discrimination.

Question 3

The translation of anti-black attitudes into actual discrimination is shaped not only by white racial framing but also by:

Accepted Answer

A)   social norms, such as what other people might think.
B)   perceived behavioral controls, such as what the targeted person's responses to discrimination might be.
C)   Both a and b C

Question 4

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) sent applications for jobs posted by Chicago and Boston employers. Explain what happened.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology...

Question 5

In the campaigns of Barry Goldwater and Richard Nixon in the 1960s, voter-restriction activities were increasingly undertaken by Republican operatives.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Describe both the informal policy of screening and stopping motorists solely or primarily because of their racial characteristics and resistance to the policy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe both the informal policy of screening...

Question 7

Which of the following are true regarding white nationalists' responses to Barack Obama?

Accepted Answer

A)   Immediately after Obama's first presidential election there were at least 200 incidents of hate-based vandalism, as well as threats of violence against Obama, more than for any previous president.
B)   Death threats continued throughout Obama's presidency, many of them racially motivated.
C)   White-supremacist leaders used the election of an African American as a recruiting tool to bring new whites into their extremist organizations.
D)   All the above

Question 8

Recently, key United Nations officials and organizations have given the U.S. very negative reviews of its contemporary patterns of discrimination, including racial profiling and the resurgence of white nationalism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Denying the racial unfairness of the bail bonding system, in 2017 New Jersey officials refused to act against the system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

While illegal drug use is at least as common among white men as black men, black men are far more likely than white men to be arrested for illegal drug crimes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Currently, white supremacists are not endeavoring to create a white supremacist regime where none existed before. Their goal is to salvage, defend, and reinforce a prevailing white supremacist system that they believe to be under threat. As a result, contemporary white supremacist resurgence signals durable images of white self-victimization. Discuss how these images are transmitted via conspiratorial language and "alternative facts."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Currently, white supremacists are not endeavoring to...

Question 12

There are at least ________ active websites originating from the U.S. that insistently spread a white-supremacist ideology and encourage violence or other discriminatory actions based on that ideology.

Accepted Answer

A)   a dozen
B)   several hundred
C)   several thousand
D)   a million

Question 13

In its origin, accenting the institutional and systemic racism that undergirds individual acts of discrimination mostly stems from a long line of African American scholars and activists, going back centuries.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Drawing on examples from the section titled, "The Heart of Racism: Discriminatory Practices" in Chapter 5, give examples of whites creating racial tensions and barriers even without a fully conscious awareness they are doing so.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Drawing on examples from the section titled,...

Question 15

Discuss the significance of the disproportionate share of white decisionmakers at the top of the judicial and political systems in terms of genuine equality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the significance of the disproportionate share...

Question 16

Research studies suggest that a sense of white superiority or virtue, however dim, is part of the consciousness of most whites, including those who are relatively liberal on numerous racial matters.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In one study, researchers conducted six focus group interviews with 40 black working-class and black middle-class women of childbearing age. Echoing previous studies, these women:

Accepted Answer

A)   described numerous instances of discrimination from the time they were children to the present.
B)   noted interpersonal and institutional racism in employment and school settings.
C)   noted interpersonal and institutional racism in everyday social interactions such as shopping.
D)   noted interpersonal and institutional racism when interacting with health care, justice, and housing systems.
E)   All the above

Question 18

Explain what Joe Feagin and Kimberley Ducey mean when they write: "When whites make racist comments to other whites, or when they think or say racist things when watching television by themselves or with their families, they also reinforce and maintain the white-racist system, even though no people of color are present."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what Joe Feagin and Kimberley Ducey...

Question 19

In regard to contemporary discriminatory practices, describe the three categories in which most whites seem to fall.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In regard to contemporary discriminatory practices, describe...

Question 20

Police killings disproportionately involve white-on-black violence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 5: Racial Oppression Today: Everyday Practice

Cloaked white-supremacist websites:

What is a major reason why there are disproportionately large numbers of black men in U.S. prisons?

The translation of anti-black attitudes into actual discrimination is shaped not only by white racial framing but also by:

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) sent applications for jobs posted by Chicago and Boston employers. Explain what happened.

In the campaigns of Barry Goldwater and Richard Nixon in the 1960s, voter-restriction activities were increasingly undertaken by Republican operatives.

Describe both the informal policy of screening and stopping motorists solely or primarily because of their racial characteristics and resistance to the policy.

Which of the following are true regarding white nationalists' responses to Barack Obama?

Recently, key United Nations officials and organizations have given the U.S. very negative reviews of its contemporary patterns of discrimination, including racial profiling and the resurgence of white nationalism.

Denying the racial unfairness of the bail bonding system, in 2017 New Jersey officials refused to act against the system.

While illegal drug use is at least as common among white men as black men, black men are far more likely than white men to be arrested for illegal drug crimes.

There are at least ________ active websites originating from the U.S. that insistently spread a white-supremacist ideology and encourage violence or other discriminatory actions based on that ideology.

In its origin, accenting the institutional and systemic racism that undergirds individual acts of discrimination mostly stems from a long line of African American scholars and activists, going back centuries.

Drawing on examples from the section titled, "The Heart of Racism: Discriminatory Practices" in Chapter 5, give examples of whites creating racial tensions and barriers even without a fully conscious awareness they are doing so.

Discuss the significance of the disproportionate share of white decisionmakers at the top of the judicial and political systems in terms of genuine equality.

Research studies suggest that a sense of white superiority or virtue, however dim, is part of the consciousness of most whites, including those who are relatively liberal on numerous racial matters.

In one study, researchers conducted six focus group interviews with 40 black working-class and black middle-class women of childbearing age. Echoing previous studies, these women:

In regard to contemporary discriminatory practices, describe the three categories in which most whites seem to fall.

Police killings disproportionately involve white-on-black violence.