Question 1

What is a repeated cross-sectional study? Why is it considered a type of longitudinal study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a repeated cross-sectional study? Why...

Question 2

What does the term "differential nonresponse" refer to?

Accepted Answer

A)  difference in response rate over two time periods 
B)  response rate differing between sample strata 
C)  groups having unequal response counts in a sample 
D)  cases with certain characteristics less likely to respond than others

Question 3

Which primary factor distinguishes cluster sampling from stratified sampling?

Accepted Answer

A)  sampling unit 
B)  sample size 
C)  population size 
D)  sampling method

Question 4

What is "selective observation" in designing a research study?

Accepted Answer

A)  selecting only cases that support the study's hypothesis 
B)  choosing the first x%, (x=fixed number), cases in a data set 
C)  using cases that are already available to the researcher 
D)  including a fixed number of cases based on a characteristic

Question 5

A survey of high school students on their smoking habits was conducted by a district school board. A sampling bias is likely to occur in the data of this study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Differentiate between bias due to study nonresponse and item nonresponse. Provide an example of each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Differentiate between bias due to study nonresponse...

Question 7

Design a cross-sectional study on a topic of your choice. Make sure that there are at least three independent variables in the study, with at least one of them being categorical. Discuss the sampling method you would use to prepare data for the study. Explain the reason(s) for your choice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Design a cross-sectional study on a topic...

Question 8

What does the term "bias" mean in research studies? Choose the best answer.

Accepted Answer

A)  an estimation error that is higher or lower than the true value of a variable 
B)  a systematic error due to faulty study design, data collection, or analysis 
C)  an incorrect assumption applied to variables in a study 
D)  an error in measuring the values of a variable

Question 9

Usage of 'big data' for research may lead to greater measurement error or bias.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Design a repeated cross-sectional study on a topic of your choice. Ensure that there are at least three independent variables in the study, with at least one of them being categorical. Explain the steps needed to design this type of study. Discuss possible bias due to study and item nonresponse. What steps would you take to correct this bias?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Design a repeated cross-sectional study on a...

Question 11

What is survivor bias in the context of retrospective studies? Give an example of this type of bias.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is survivor bias in the context...

Question 12

Bias due to attrition occurs only in cross-sectional research studies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

A study identified a sample set of 200 policyholders who had either one or no motor vehicle incidents in the last 2 years. The characteristics of this set of policyholders was analyzed in the study. What type of bias does the study suffer from?

Accepted Answer

A)  sample bias 
B)  survivor bias 
C)  nonresponse bias 
D)  prospective bias

Question 14

What is the difference between bias and random error? Explain with an example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between bias and...

Question 15

What type of bias is present when some values of a variable are systematically wrong in the same direction?

Accepted Answer

A)  social desirability bias 
B)  nonresponse bias 
C)  question response bias 
D)  sample selection bias

Question 16

What kind of adjustment is made in disproportionate sampling to restore the pattern in the population to the sample? Illustrate with an example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What kind of adjustment is made in...

Question 17

In your own words, describe the characteristics of a case-control study. Illustrate with an example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In your own words, describe the characteristics...

Question 18

A random sample of 2,000 units is chosen from a data set of 49,000 elements. What is the probability of selection to the sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  24.50 
B)  0.408 
C)  0.041 
D)  2.450

Question 19

What are the consequences of attrition to a longitudinal study?

Accepted Answer

A)  decreasing sample size 
B)  loss of data on a variable 
C)  increment in sample size 
D)  oversampling of a group of cases

Question 20

The magnitude of recall bias generally decreases with increase in the recall period.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 11: Bias

What is a repeated cross-sectional study? Why is it considered a type of longitudinal study?

What does the term "differential nonresponse" refer to?

Which primary factor distinguishes cluster sampling from stratified sampling?

What is "selective observation" in designing a research study?

A survey of high school students on their smoking habits was conducted by a district school board. A sampling bias is likely to occur in the data of this study.

Differentiate between bias due to study nonresponse and item nonresponse. Provide an example of each.

Design a cross-sectional study on a topic of your choice. Make sure that there are at least three independent variables in the study, with at least one of them being categorical. Discuss the sampling method you would use to prepare data for the study. Explain the reason(s) for your choice.

What does the term "bias" mean in research studies? Choose the best answer.

Usage of 'big data' for research may lead to greater measurement error or bias.

What is survivor bias in the context of retrospective studies? Give an example of this type of bias.

Bias due to attrition occurs only in cross-sectional research studies.

A study identified a sample set of 200 policyholders who had either one or no motor vehicle incidents in the last 2 years. The characteristics of this set of policyholders was analyzed in the study. What type of bias does the study suffer from?

What is the difference between bias and random error? Explain with an example.

What type of bias is present when some values of a variable are systematically wrong in the same direction?

What kind of adjustment is made in disproportionate sampling to restore the pattern in the population to the sample? Illustrate with an example.

In your own words, describe the characteristics of a case-control study. Illustrate with an example.

A random sample of 2,000 units is chosen from a data set of 49,000 elements. What is the probability of selection to the sample?

What are the consequences of attrition to a longitudinal study?

The magnitude of recall bias generally decreases with increase in the recall period.