Question 1

What is the 'duration neglect' phenomenon? What results did Redelmeier and Kahneman (1996) find in their study of remembered pain of colonoscopy procedures?

Accepted Answer

F1F1F1S1F1F1F10Remembering self pays little attention to time.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10When remembering experiences, moments are not created equally. Our memories depend particularly on the peak intensity and on how episodes ended.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10An hour after the procedure, patients rated the 'total amount of pain experienced'. Objectively, patients who experienced longer procedures experienced more pain, because it lasted longer (see Figure 2.3). However, the study found that actual time was unrelated to patients' ratings of 'total pain'. Total pain ratings depended more on how the procedures ended (high or low pain) and how bad the very worst (peak) moment was.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10A follow-up study asked doctors to try making some colonoscopies last longer-creating objectively more pain-by keeping the camera relatively still in the rectum, and thus creating a mild ending to the procedure. Compared to participants who had regular, shorter and objectively less painful procedures, the experimental group with mild endings reported substantially less pain.

Question 2

Through many repetitions, ______ tracks the ebb and flow of experience in people's daily lives.

Accepted Answer

A)   the flow state method
B)   the experience sampling method
C)   the repetition method
D)   the correlational method B

Question 3

What does the term 'emotional expression' imply and why are these expressions important? How do people typically express emotions? Support your statement with relevant examples.

Accepted Answer

F1F1F1S1F1F1F10The term 'expression' implies that they reveal something about internal states.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10In this way, expressions help communicate those states to other people.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10Emotions can be expressed in vocalizations (sounds) by varying pitch and tone-even without speech, such as with sighs, giggles and grunts (Juslin & Laukka, 2003; Sauter, Eisner, Ekman, & Scott, 2010). Gestures and changes in posture can also signal emotions (Tracy & Robins, 2004), yet most research has focused on the face.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10For example, typical expressions of anger involve contracting the brow, and tightening muscles around the eyes and mouth.

Question 4

What do positive emotions promote?

Accepted Answer

A)   Exploration, creativity and sociability
B)   Healthy functioning
C)   Fewer negative emotions
D)   Mental health problems
E)   Both exploration, creativity and sociability and healthy functioningF)  Both fewer negative emotions and mental health problemsG)  None of these

Question 5

Describe the five most common appraisal dimensions. How are appraisal dimensions related to positive emotions? Support your statement with relevant examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the five most common appraisal dimensions....

Question 6

People are more sensitive to signs of threat because ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   threats produce long-lasting emotional states
B)   threats quickly grab our attention
C)   threats are processed at an unconscious level
D)   threats are more easily remembered

Exam 2: Positive Emotions