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Passage Two Key Ingredients Found in Many Soaps Are PEG 150

Question 24

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Passage
Two key ingredients found in many soaps are PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin.  Both can be synthesized from glyceryl tristearate (Figure 1) .
Passage Two key ingredients found in many soaps are PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin.  Both can be synthesized from glyceryl tristearate (Figure 1) . <strong>Figure 1</strong>  Formation of PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin from glyceryl tristearateThe first step in this process requires the saponification of glyceryl tristearate.  The resulting stearate molecules can then react with PEG 150 in an acid-catalyzed Fischer esterification to form PEG 150 distearate.  The glycerol produced during saponification is used as a nucleophile to form ethylhexyl glycerin through a base-catalyzed S<sub>N</sub>2 reaction with an ethylhexyl halide.Studies have shown that hand washing with soap can substantially reduce the number of germs present on hands and that washing hands before preparing food is particularly effective in reducing illness.  Researchers examined the effect of washing for 20 seconds with different amounts of soap containing PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin and found an inverse correlation between the volume of soap used and the amount of bacteria recovered from the hands.  The data are shown in Figure 2. <strong>Figure 2</strong>  Bacteria recovered from hands after washing with varying amounts of soapThe researchers then investigated the effect of hand washing with different kinds of soap on the transfer of bacteria from hands to objects.  Volunteers washed with a fixed volume of soap for 30 seconds, then handled sterilized plastic spheres for 30 seconds.  Bacteria were then recovered from the spheres.  The results are shown in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong> Bacteria Recovered from Objects Adapted from  Fuls JL, Rodgers ND, Fischler GE, et al. Alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008. -Which of the following peaks in Figure 3 most likely corresponds to ethyl acetate? A) The singlet peak at 0 ppm in the spectrum from the GC extraction B) The quartet peak at 4.1 ppm in the spectrum from the GC extraction C) The singlet peak at 7.3 ppm in the spectrum from the B&D extraction D) The multiplet peak at 4.3 ppm in the spectrum from the B&D extraction Figure 1  Formation of PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin from glyceryl tristearateThe first step in this process requires the saponification of glyceryl tristearate.  The resulting stearate molecules can then react with PEG 150 in an acid-catalyzed Fischer esterification to form PEG 150 distearate.  The glycerol produced during saponification is used as a nucleophile to form ethylhexyl glycerin through a base-catalyzed SN2 reaction with an ethylhexyl halide.Studies have shown that hand washing with soap can substantially reduce the number of germs present on hands and that washing hands before preparing food is particularly effective in reducing illness.  Researchers examined the effect of washing for 20 seconds with different amounts of soap containing PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin and found an inverse correlation between the volume of soap used and the amount of bacteria recovered from the hands.  The data are shown in Figure 2.
Passage Two key ingredients found in many soaps are PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin.  Both can be synthesized from glyceryl tristearate (Figure 1) . <strong>Figure 1</strong>  Formation of PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin from glyceryl tristearateThe first step in this process requires the saponification of glyceryl tristearate.  The resulting stearate molecules can then react with PEG 150 in an acid-catalyzed Fischer esterification to form PEG 150 distearate.  The glycerol produced during saponification is used as a nucleophile to form ethylhexyl glycerin through a base-catalyzed S<sub>N</sub>2 reaction with an ethylhexyl halide.Studies have shown that hand washing with soap can substantially reduce the number of germs present on hands and that washing hands before preparing food is particularly effective in reducing illness.  Researchers examined the effect of washing for 20 seconds with different amounts of soap containing PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin and found an inverse correlation between the volume of soap used and the amount of bacteria recovered from the hands.  The data are shown in Figure 2. <strong>Figure 2</strong>  Bacteria recovered from hands after washing with varying amounts of soapThe researchers then investigated the effect of hand washing with different kinds of soap on the transfer of bacteria from hands to objects.  Volunteers washed with a fixed volume of soap for 30 seconds, then handled sterilized plastic spheres for 30 seconds.  Bacteria were then recovered from the spheres.  The results are shown in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong> Bacteria Recovered from Objects Adapted from  Fuls JL, Rodgers ND, Fischler GE, et al. Alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008. -Which of the following peaks in Figure 3 most likely corresponds to ethyl acetate? A) The singlet peak at 0 ppm in the spectrum from the GC extraction B) The quartet peak at 4.1 ppm in the spectrum from the GC extraction C) The singlet peak at 7.3 ppm in the spectrum from the B&D extraction D) The multiplet peak at 4.3 ppm in the spectrum from the B&D extraction Figure 2  Bacteria recovered from hands after washing with varying amounts of soapThe researchers then investigated the effect of hand washing with different kinds of soap on the transfer of bacteria from hands to objects.  Volunteers washed with a fixed volume of soap for 30 seconds, then handled sterilized plastic spheres for 30 seconds.  Bacteria were then recovered from the spheres.  The results are shown in Table 1.Table 1 Bacteria Recovered from Objects
Passage Two key ingredients found in many soaps are PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin.  Both can be synthesized from glyceryl tristearate (Figure 1) . <strong>Figure 1</strong>  Formation of PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin from glyceryl tristearateThe first step in this process requires the saponification of glyceryl tristearate.  The resulting stearate molecules can then react with PEG 150 in an acid-catalyzed Fischer esterification to form PEG 150 distearate.  The glycerol produced during saponification is used as a nucleophile to form ethylhexyl glycerin through a base-catalyzed S<sub>N</sub>2 reaction with an ethylhexyl halide.Studies have shown that hand washing with soap can substantially reduce the number of germs present on hands and that washing hands before preparing food is particularly effective in reducing illness.  Researchers examined the effect of washing for 20 seconds with different amounts of soap containing PEG 150 distearate and ethylhexyl glycerin and found an inverse correlation between the volume of soap used and the amount of bacteria recovered from the hands.  The data are shown in Figure 2. <strong>Figure 2</strong>  Bacteria recovered from hands after washing with varying amounts of soapThe researchers then investigated the effect of hand washing with different kinds of soap on the transfer of bacteria from hands to objects.  Volunteers washed with a fixed volume of soap for 30 seconds, then handled sterilized plastic spheres for 30 seconds.  Bacteria were then recovered from the spheres.  The results are shown in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong> Bacteria Recovered from Objects Adapted from  Fuls JL, Rodgers ND, Fischler GE, et al. Alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008. -Which of the following peaks in Figure 3 most likely corresponds to ethyl acetate? A) The singlet peak at 0 ppm in the spectrum from the GC extraction B) The quartet peak at 4.1 ppm in the spectrum from the GC extraction C) The singlet peak at 7.3 ppm in the spectrum from the B&D extraction D) The multiplet peak at 4.3 ppm in the spectrum from the B&D extraction Adapted from  Fuls JL, Rodgers ND, Fischler GE, et al. Alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008.
-Which of the following peaks in Figure 3 most likely corresponds to ethyl acetate?


A) The singlet peak at 0 ppm in the spectrum from the GC extraction
B) The quartet peak at 4.1 ppm in the spectrum from the GC extraction
C) The singlet peak at 7.3 ppm in the spectrum from the B&D extraction
D) The multiplet peak at 4.3 ppm in the spectrum from the B&D extraction

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