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Passage The ABO Blood Groups Are Determined by the Polysaccharide Antigens

Question 53

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The ABO blood groups are determined by the polysaccharide antigens linked to sphingolipids on red blood cell membranes.  The polysaccharide known as the H-antigen (O-type blood) consists of a polysaccharide (R-group) glycosidically linked to D-galactose, which is connected to L-fucose in an α-1,2 linkage.  Type A and type B blood express the A- and B-antigens, respectively (Figure 1) .  These antigens are modified forms of the H-antigen, in which D-galactose (B-antigen) or a derivative of D-galactose called GalNAc (A-antigen) is added in an α-1,3 linkage to the D-galactose moiety of the H-antigen.
Passage The ABO blood groups are determined by the polysaccharide antigens linked to sphingolipids on red blood cell membranes.  The polysaccharide known as the H-antigen (O-type blood) consists of a polysaccharide (R-group) glycosidically linked to D-galactose, which is connected to L-fucose in an α-1,2 linkage.  Type A and type B blood express the A- and B-antigens, respectively (Figure 1) .  These antigens are modified forms of the H-antigen, in which D-galactose (B-antigen) or a derivative of D-galactose called GalNAc (A-antigen) is added in an α-1,3 linkage to the D-galactose moiety of the H-antigen. <strong>Figure 1</strong>  Structures of the H-, A-, and B-antigens.  The R-group represents additional carbohydrates.The addition of GalNAc or galactose to the H-antigen is catalyzed by an enzyme encoded by the ABO gene.  One allele of the gene encodes GalNAcyl transferase and produces the A-antigen, while another allele encodes galactosyl-transferase and yields the B-antigen (Figure 1) .  The two alleles differ at seven nucleotide positions, summarized in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Nucleotide Positions Where the Alleles Encoding GalNAcyl Transferase and Galactosyl Transferase Differ Individuals with both alleles express both antigens and have type AB blood.  Those with type O blood have a third allele that encodes an inactive form of the enzyme.  A study of blood type abundance was conducted, and the number of participants with each type is shown in Table 2.  Table 3 shows several fatty-acyl chains found in the sphingolipids to which the antigens were attached.<strong>Table 2</strong>  Number of Participants That Express Each Blood Type in a Study of 10,000 Individuals <strong>Table 3</strong>  Types of Sphingolipids to Which Polysaccharide Antigens Were Bound, as Determined by Mass Spectrometry (Note:  For fatty acid chains, the numbers on the left and right of the colon indicate number of carbons and number of C=C double bonds, respectively) -The D-galactose moiety of the A-antigen participates in how many glycosidic bonds? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Figure 1  Structures of the H-, A-, and B-antigens.  The R-group represents additional carbohydrates.The addition of GalNAc or galactose to the H-antigen is catalyzed by an enzyme encoded by the ABO gene.  One allele of the gene encodes GalNAcyl transferase and produces the A-antigen, while another allele encodes galactosyl-transferase and yields the B-antigen (Figure 1) .  The two alleles differ at seven nucleotide positions, summarized in Table 1.Table 1  Nucleotide Positions Where the Alleles Encoding GalNAcyl Transferase and Galactosyl Transferase Differ
Passage The ABO blood groups are determined by the polysaccharide antigens linked to sphingolipids on red blood cell membranes.  The polysaccharide known as the H-antigen (O-type blood) consists of a polysaccharide (R-group) glycosidically linked to D-galactose, which is connected to L-fucose in an α-1,2 linkage.  Type A and type B blood express the A- and B-antigens, respectively (Figure 1) .  These antigens are modified forms of the H-antigen, in which D-galactose (B-antigen) or a derivative of D-galactose called GalNAc (A-antigen) is added in an α-1,3 linkage to the D-galactose moiety of the H-antigen. <strong>Figure 1</strong>  Structures of the H-, A-, and B-antigens.  The R-group represents additional carbohydrates.The addition of GalNAc or galactose to the H-antigen is catalyzed by an enzyme encoded by the ABO gene.  One allele of the gene encodes GalNAcyl transferase and produces the A-antigen, while another allele encodes galactosyl-transferase and yields the B-antigen (Figure 1) .  The two alleles differ at seven nucleotide positions, summarized in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Nucleotide Positions Where the Alleles Encoding GalNAcyl Transferase and Galactosyl Transferase Differ Individuals with both alleles express both antigens and have type AB blood.  Those with type O blood have a third allele that encodes an inactive form of the enzyme.  A study of blood type abundance was conducted, and the number of participants with each type is shown in Table 2.  Table 3 shows several fatty-acyl chains found in the sphingolipids to which the antigens were attached.<strong>Table 2</strong>  Number of Participants That Express Each Blood Type in a Study of 10,000 Individuals <strong>Table 3</strong>  Types of Sphingolipids to Which Polysaccharide Antigens Were Bound, as Determined by Mass Spectrometry (Note:  For fatty acid chains, the numbers on the left and right of the colon indicate number of carbons and number of C=C double bonds, respectively) -The D-galactose moiety of the A-antigen participates in how many glycosidic bonds? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Individuals with both alleles express both antigens and have type AB blood.  Those with type O blood have a third allele that encodes an inactive form of the enzyme.  A study of blood type abundance was conducted, and the number of participants with each type is shown in Table 2.  Table 3 shows several fatty-acyl chains found in the sphingolipids to which the antigens were attached.Table 2  Number of Participants That Express Each Blood Type in a Study of 10,000 Individuals
Passage The ABO blood groups are determined by the polysaccharide antigens linked to sphingolipids on red blood cell membranes.  The polysaccharide known as the H-antigen (O-type blood) consists of a polysaccharide (R-group) glycosidically linked to D-galactose, which is connected to L-fucose in an α-1,2 linkage.  Type A and type B blood express the A- and B-antigens, respectively (Figure 1) .  These antigens are modified forms of the H-antigen, in which D-galactose (B-antigen) or a derivative of D-galactose called GalNAc (A-antigen) is added in an α-1,3 linkage to the D-galactose moiety of the H-antigen. <strong>Figure 1</strong>  Structures of the H-, A-, and B-antigens.  The R-group represents additional carbohydrates.The addition of GalNAc or galactose to the H-antigen is catalyzed by an enzyme encoded by the ABO gene.  One allele of the gene encodes GalNAcyl transferase and produces the A-antigen, while another allele encodes galactosyl-transferase and yields the B-antigen (Figure 1) .  The two alleles differ at seven nucleotide positions, summarized in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Nucleotide Positions Where the Alleles Encoding GalNAcyl Transferase and Galactosyl Transferase Differ Individuals with both alleles express both antigens and have type AB blood.  Those with type O blood have a third allele that encodes an inactive form of the enzyme.  A study of blood type abundance was conducted, and the number of participants with each type is shown in Table 2.  Table 3 shows several fatty-acyl chains found in the sphingolipids to which the antigens were attached.<strong>Table 2</strong>  Number of Participants That Express Each Blood Type in a Study of 10,000 Individuals <strong>Table 3</strong>  Types of Sphingolipids to Which Polysaccharide Antigens Were Bound, as Determined by Mass Spectrometry (Note:  For fatty acid chains, the numbers on the left and right of the colon indicate number of carbons and number of C=C double bonds, respectively) -The D-galactose moiety of the A-antigen participates in how many glycosidic bonds? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Table 3  Types of Sphingolipids to Which Polysaccharide Antigens Were Bound, as Determined by Mass Spectrometry (Note:  For fatty acid chains, the numbers on the left and right of the colon indicate number of carbons and number of C=C double bonds, respectively)
Passage The ABO blood groups are determined by the polysaccharide antigens linked to sphingolipids on red blood cell membranes.  The polysaccharide known as the H-antigen (O-type blood) consists of a polysaccharide (R-group) glycosidically linked to D-galactose, which is connected to L-fucose in an α-1,2 linkage.  Type A and type B blood express the A- and B-antigens, respectively (Figure 1) .  These antigens are modified forms of the H-antigen, in which D-galactose (B-antigen) or a derivative of D-galactose called GalNAc (A-antigen) is added in an α-1,3 linkage to the D-galactose moiety of the H-antigen. <strong>Figure 1</strong>  Structures of the H-, A-, and B-antigens.  The R-group represents additional carbohydrates.The addition of GalNAc or galactose to the H-antigen is catalyzed by an enzyme encoded by the ABO gene.  One allele of the gene encodes GalNAcyl transferase and produces the A-antigen, while another allele encodes galactosyl-transferase and yields the B-antigen (Figure 1) .  The two alleles differ at seven nucleotide positions, summarized in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Nucleotide Positions Where the Alleles Encoding GalNAcyl Transferase and Galactosyl Transferase Differ Individuals with both alleles express both antigens and have type AB blood.  Those with type O blood have a third allele that encodes an inactive form of the enzyme.  A study of blood type abundance was conducted, and the number of participants with each type is shown in Table 2.  Table 3 shows several fatty-acyl chains found in the sphingolipids to which the antigens were attached.<strong>Table 2</strong>  Number of Participants That Express Each Blood Type in a Study of 10,000 Individuals <strong>Table 3</strong>  Types of Sphingolipids to Which Polysaccharide Antigens Were Bound, as Determined by Mass Spectrometry (Note:  For fatty acid chains, the numbers on the left and right of the colon indicate number of carbons and number of C=C double bonds, respectively) -The D-galactose moiety of the A-antigen participates in how many glycosidic bonds? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
-The D-galactose moiety of the A-antigen participates in how many glycosidic bonds?


A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

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