A Nephrology Researcher Conducts a Clinical Study to Determine the Risk

A nephrology researcher conducts a clinical study to determine the risk factors for the development of renal calculi.  He recruits a number of patients with a history of idiopathic calcium oxalate kidney stones, along with age- and sex-matched healthy subjects.  Detailed medical, surgical, and nutritional histories are obtained, and several serum and urine laboratory tests are performed.  Which of the following is most likely to be seen in affected patients compared with healthy individuals?

A) Higher dietary calcium
B) Higher dietary potassium
C) Higher fluid intake
D) Lower dietary oxalate
E) Lower urinary citrate

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