A New Estrogen Receptor Agonist Is Being Evaluated for the Treatment

A new estrogen receptor agonist is being evaluated for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms.  A prospective study shows that the drug increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in treated women who smoke compared to untreated women who smoke, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.70 and p-value of 0.01.  In nonsmokers, no increased risk of DVT is evident with use of the drug (RR = 0.96; p-value = 0.68) .  Which of the following describes this phenomenon?

A) Confounding
B) Effect modification
C) Latent period
D) Observer bias
E) Selection bias

Correct Answer:

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