Researchers Conduct a Prospective Study That Demonstrates an Association Between

Researchers conduct a prospective study that demonstrates an association between alcohol consumption and transitional bladder carcinoma, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.81 and a p-value of 0.03.  They then divide the study subjects into 2 groups, smokers and non-smokers, and again examine the association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer: The discrepancy between the overall results and the stratified results is best explained by which of the following?

A) Confounding
B) Effect modification
C) Measurement bias
D) Meta-analysis
E) Observer bias
F) Recall bias

Correct Answer:

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