Question 1

Within communism, the state is the sole owner of the production systems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

In their protests over government decisions, women may carry signs or wear shirts with the slogan "Keep Your Laws Off My Body," most often with respect to abortion but also with respect to access to contraception. Feminist theory would understand this conflict between women and government as

Accepted Answer

A)   the competition between diverse groups that mobilize to promote their interests.
B)   stemming from the domination of elites over less powerful groups.
C)   developing between states as each vies to uphold its own interests.
D)   resulting from the power men have over women. D

Question 3

Why did Weber believe that rational-legal authority inevitably leads to the formation of bureaucracies?

Accepted Answer

Max Weber, a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist, is well-known for his theory on the development of modern societies and his study of bureaucracy. Weber identified three types of authority: traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal. He believed that rational-legal authority, which is based on a system of rules and laws that are applied impersonally and uniformly, inevitably leads to the formation of bureaucracies for several reasons:

1. **Systematization and Codification of Rules**: Rational-legal authority relies on a clear and systematic set of rules that govern the actions of individuals within an organization or society. To manage these rules effectively, there needs to be a structured system in place, which naturally takes the form of a bureaucracy.

2. **Predictability and Stability**: Bureaucracies provide a stable and predictable framework for the administration of rules and laws. This stability is essential for the functioning of a complex society, as it ensures that decisions are not arbitrary but are made according to established procedures.

3. **Efficiency**: Weber believed that bureaucracies are technically the most efficient form of organization. They allow for the optimal use of resources through a hierarchical structure of command and specialized roles, which leads to the efficient completion of tasks.

4. **Impersonality**: Rational-legal authority requires that rules and laws be applied impersonally, without favoritism or prejudice. Bureaucracies are designed to uphold this principle by treating all individuals and cases according to the same standards.

5. **Professionalism**: The administration of a rational-legal system requires a corps of individuals who are trained and skilled in the application of the rules. This professionalization leads to the creation of a bureaucratic staff, which is necessary for the competent management of the legal-rational system.

6. **Record-keeping and Documentation**: The enforcement of rules in a rational-legal authority system necessitates extensive record-keeping and documentation. Bureaucracies are set up to handle this requirement, ensuring that all decisions and transactions are recorded for accountability and future reference.

7. **Division of Labor**: Bureaucracies are characterized by a clear division of labor, with different individuals and departments responsible for specific functions. This specialization is a hallmark of rational-legal authority, as it allows for the precise application of rules and procedures.

In summary, Weber believed that the characteristics of rational-legal authority—such as a reliance on codified rules, a need for predictability and stability, the pursuit of efficiency, the principle of impersonality, the necessity for a professional administrative staff, the requirement for meticulous record-keeping, and a clear division of labor—naturally lead to the development of bureaucracies. These bureaucracies are then tasked with the administration of the rational-legal system, ensuring its continuity and effectiveness.

Question 4

The term deindustrialization refers to that fact that

Accepted Answer

A)   goods are no longer being produced in the United States.
B)   fewer workers in the United States are required to produce goods.
C)   production using computer technologies will replace service industries.
D)   the workforce is becoming more diverse.

Question 5

The term _____ refers to the permanent loss of certain job types that occurs when employment patterns shift.

Accepted Answer

A)   global economic shift
B)   deskilling
C)   job displacement
D)   urban renewal

Question 6

In the United States, immigrants make up more than _____ of the labor force in industries such as agriculture, building and construction.

Accepted Answer

A)   one-fifth
B)   one-quarter
C)   one-third
D)   one-half

Question 7

Discuss the two forms of sexual harassment recognized by the law and give examples of each type. What types of harassment were reported by individuals in the #MeToo movement? What were the impacts of harassment on those who experienced it?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the two forms of sexual harassment...

Question 8

Which of these is a change resulting from the economic restructuring of the workplace?

Accepted Answer

A)   The percentage of workers who are White women and people of color has declined.
B)   The workforce is becoming increasingly diverse.
C)   The employment opportunities in the service industry are declining.
D)   The manufacturing economy is growing.

Question 9

Sociologists define work as

Accepted Answer

A)   participation in any activity that increases the gross domestic product.
B)   human activity that is paid by either hourly wage or salary.
C)   productive activity that creates something of value-goods or services.
D)   human activity in the public sphere.

Question 10

Which of the following best represents how feminist theories view the state?

Accepted Answer

A)   The state should be predominantly matriarchal.
B)   Power is directly linked to social class.
C)   Women should boycott involvement in the state.
D)   The state reflects men's interests and is run primarily by men.

Question 11

In _____, the Supreme Court ruled that state-funded military academies such as the Citadel and the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) may not refuse to admit women.

Accepted Answer

A)   1976
B)   1986
C)   1996
D)   2006

Question 12

The U.S. government has a large number of organizations and departments for various purposes, all run by bureaucrats who are not elected and who may be most interested in their own employment rather than public interests. For which model of state power would this be the most important?

Accepted Answer

A)   Pluralist
B)   Power elite
C)   Autonomous state
D)   Populist

Question 13

_____ authority stems from rules and regulations typically written down as statutes, procedures, or codes of conduct.

Accepted Answer

A)   Traditional
B)   Charismatic
C)   Rational-legal
D)   Expertise-based

Question 14

Capitalism and socialism are incompatible within the same society.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Politicians often campaign on promises to increase manufacturing jobs. In the United States today, the manufacturing sector employs about _____ percent of workers.

Accepted Answer

A)   10
B)   20
C)   30
D)   50

Question 16

Discuss the role of PACs in American politics.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the role of PACs in American...

Question 17

In general, what has been the impact of global economic restructuring?

Accepted Answer

A)   The global economy has had a positive effect on the U.S. economy, creating many new jobs in the manufacturing sector.
B)   In the global economy, assembly-line work is performed in nations with less power.
C)   State regulation has made the transfer of jobs overseas unattractive to U.S. manufacturers.
D)   Economic restructuring has had no real impact globally.

Question 18

The differences in women's and men's political attitudes and behavior are referred to as the

Accepted Answer

A)   sex ratio effect.
B)   gender gap.
C)   androgyny factor.
D)   glass wall.

Question 19

From the pluralist perspective, special interest groups are important for making government responsive to the needs of different groups of people.

Accepted Answer