Question 1

Behavioral specificity is a key concept that has been emphasized in the theories of

Accepted Answer

A)   B. F. Skinner.
B)   Walter Mischel.
C)   Julian Rotter.
D)   Albert Bandura. B

Question 2

Bandura has added the systematic use of ________ to the techniques of behavior modification as an aid to changing behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)   punishment
B)   hypnosis
C)   reinforcement
D)   modeling D

Question 3

The role of reinforcement is quite different in Skinner's radical behavior theory and in newer cognitive and social theories,in which individuals are viewed as more "agentic." Discuss the different views of reinforcement held by Skinner,Bandura,and Rotter.

Accepted Answer

Skinner's radical behavior theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior. According to Skinner, reinforcement is the key factor in determining whether a behavior will be repeated or not. He believed that all behavior is a result of the consequences that follow it, and that reinforcement can be used to modify and control behavior.

On the other hand, Bandura and Rotter, who are associated with newer cognitive and social theories, view individuals as more "agentic," meaning that they have the ability to actively influence their own behavior and environment. In their theories, reinforcement is still important, but it is not the sole determinant of behavior. Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of observational learning and self-efficacy, while Rotter's social learning theory focuses on the role of cognitive processes and the expectancy of reinforcement.

Bandura's concept of self-efficacy suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in a behavior if they believe they are capable of performing it successfully and if they expect positive outcomes. This means that reinforcement alone may not be enough to determine behavior, as individuals' beliefs about their own abilities and the potential outcomes of their actions also play a significant role.

Similarly, Rotter's theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes, such as the expectancy of reinforcement and the value placed on the reinforcement. According to Rotter, individuals are more likely to engage in a behavior if they expect it to lead to a desirable outcome, regardless of the actual reinforcement that follows the behavior.

In summary, while Skinner's radical behavior theory places a strong emphasis on the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior, Bandura and Rotter's newer cognitive and social theories acknowledge the importance of reinforcement but also consider other factors, such as self-efficacy and cognitive processes, in determining behavior. These differing views reflect the evolution of psychological theories and the recognition of the complexity of human behavior.

Question 4

For inappropriate behaviors that are rewarding in the short run,such as smoking,overeating,or substance abuse,Bandura teaches

Accepted Answer

A)   self-regulation.
B)   behavior desensitization.
C)   relaxation training.
D)   exposure therapy.

Question 5

Jorge is watching a karate demonstration.According to Bandura,the strongest predictor for whether Jorge will learn the behavior he is watching is Jorge's

Accepted Answer

A)   belief that the moves are easy to make.
B)   expectation that knowing these moves will be a positive addition to his life.
C)   low self-esteem.
D)   perception that the person demonstrating the moves is similar to him.

Question 6

Explain what Bandura means by triadic reciprocal causation and identify the three factors that comprise it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what Bandura means by triadic reciprocal...

Question 7

Recent cross-cultural research on locus of control (for example,Banks et al.,1991) indicates that in comparison to majority groups,minority groups

Accepted Answer

A)   frequently test higher in external control.
B)   frequently test higher in internal control.
C)   do not distinguish between internal and external loci of control.
D)   interpret locus of control as a purely situational variable.

Question 8

Psychotherapy based on Bandura's theories emphasizes the improvement of self-efficacy.Which psychological disorders or problems seem most closely related to a poor sense of self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychotherapy based on Bandura's theories emphasizes the...

Question 9

Gregory is a child with low aggressive tendencies,whereas Joseph is a child with high aggressive tendencies.According to Mischel,in a nonstressful situation,

Accepted Answer

A)   both children would act aggressively.
B)   neither child would act aggressively.
C)   only Joseph would act aggressively.
D)   only Gregory would act aggressively.

Question 10

In your opinion,to what extent should television producers and programmers be aware of Bandura's research results? To what extent should such results influence what appears on television or in movies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In your opinion,to what extent should television...

Question 11

Mark is a former group therapy client who has entered a new group not as a client per se,but as a model for other clients to follow.According to research on modeling in psychotherapy (for example,Yalom,1995),this practice is likely to benefit

Accepted Answer

A)   Mark, but not the clients in the group.
B)   the clients in the group, but not Mark.
C)   both Mark and the clients in the group.
D)   neither Mark nor the clients in the group.

Question 12

Rita is observing a model performing a behavior.Rita is especially likely to imitate the model if Rita

Accepted Answer

A)   has low self-esteem.
B)   is highly competent.
C)   is a nonconforming, dependent person.
D)   is a strong-willed, independent person.

Question 13

Compared with European Americans,on whom most of the research on social learning theories has been conducted,members of many minority groups are more likely to

Accepted Answer

A)   engage in thinking that is more circular and interpersonal.
B)   alternate between an internal and external locus of control.
C)   shun observational learning.
D)   be influenced by models.

Question 14

One of the discoveries made by research with the I-E scale is that

Accepted Answer

A)   internals tend to be more vulnerable to stress.
B)   externality increases with age.
C)   externals are more resistant to influences from other people.
D)   females are more likely to be externals.

Question 15

At work,Abby most experiences extrinsic motivation when she

Accepted Answer

A)   feels fulfillment for a job well done.
B)   has a sense of accomplishment after completing a major project.
C)   is given a monetary bonus by her supervisor.
D)   knows that she has performed according to her own high standards.

Question 16

Describe observational learning by identifying three factors that influence modeling,four processes that enter into observational learning,and the role of reinforcement in observational learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe observational learning by identifying three factors...

Question 17

The concept of locus of control is most closely associated with

Accepted Answer

A)   Mischel.
B)   Skinner.
C)   Rotter.
D)   Bandura.

Question 18

Which of the following does Bandura believe to be the most effective way to reduce violence in current television programming?

Accepted Answer

A)   A government committee that will enforce acceptable standards on the networks
B)   A privately funded monitoring system and the rewarding of appropriate shows
C)   A public protest that will include organized boycotts of violent shows
D)   Self-regulation by the industry in the form of voluntary changes

Question 19

Four-year-old Michael is observing other children at the playground.According to Bandura's research,the likelihood that Michael will act similarly to the other children increases if

Accepted Answer

A)   he perceives them as similar to himself.
B)   he perceives the children as inferior to himself.
C)   the other children are older than Michael.
D)   he perceives them as dissimilar from himself.

Question 20

What is the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

A)   Self-efficacy entails judgments of self-worth; self-esteem entails judgments of ability.
B)   Self-esteem entails judgments of self-worth; self-efficacy entails judgments of ability.
C)   Self-esteem is a flexible concept; self-efficacy is a stable concept.
D)   Self-efficacy is a flexible concept; self-esteem is a stable concept.

Exam 9: Social Learning Theories Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter, Walter Mischel