Question 1

The bliss point can be identified by

Accepted Answer

A) the relative frequency of behavior under instrumental constraint. 
B) the relative sensory input under instrumental constraint. 
C) the relative sensory input in an unconstrained situation. 
D) the relative frequency of behavior in an unconstrained situation.

Question 2

According to the response allocation approach, imposing an instrumental contingency

Accepted Answer

A) establishes a new physiological drive state. 
B) activates dedicated brain regions sensitive to reinforcement. 
C) disrupts the distribution of responses from free baseline. 
D) causes increased attention to sensory reinforcement.

Question 3

Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiments are designed to explore

Accepted Answer

A) the effects of omission control procedures. 
B) the effect of rg on the instrumental response. 
C) the development of the rg-sg expectancy. 
D) the effects of a CS on instrumental behavior.

Question 4

An instrumental contingency results in increased performance of a target instrumental response.According to the response allocation approach, this increase is due to

Accepted Answer

A) behavioral regulatory mechanisms that function to minimize deviations from the optimal distribution of responses. 
B) an animal's attempts to earn as many reinforcers as possible, given the time constraints. 
C) changes in the physiological drive state of the organism during response deprivation. 
D) activation of dedicated brain pathways sensitive to response contingencies.

Question 5

According to the two-process theory, emotional states

Accepted Answer

A) develop from an association between the stimuli S and the instrumental response. 
B) are characteristic of the peripheral nervous system. 
C) only act to suppress behaviors, as in CER procedures. 
D) do not invariably lead to particular responses.

Question 6

Two-process theory predicts that instrumental responding will decrease if

Accepted Answer

A) the central emotional state reflects a negative mood. 
B) the central emotional state was conditioned with an aversive stimulus. 
C) the central emotional state was conditioned with an appetitive stimulus. 
D) the conditioned central emotional state is opposite to the emotions that motivate instrumental behavior.

Question 7

Intuition suggests that subjects make responses in order to receive a particular outcome.What evidence is there of
R-O associations in animals?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Intuition suggests that subjects make responses in...

Question 8

Briefly describe an experiment that would test the Premack differential probability principle.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe an experiment that would test...

Question 9

According to the response allocation approach, when a rat is hungry, it pushes a lever to get food in order to

Accepted Answer

A) reduce a physiological drive state. 
B) stay as close as possible to an unconstrained baseline of behavior. 
C) receive the sensory stimulation of consuming the food. 
D) make the species typical response of consuming food.

Question 10

The distribution of responses that occurs in the absence of restrictions is called

Accepted Answer

A) the unrestricted baseline. 
B) the Premack principle. 
C) the Premack baseline. 
D) the behavioral deprivation point.

Question 11

If you wanted to study "spending" in an instrumental procedure, you would be interested in

Accepted Answer

A) the instrumental contingency. 
B) the instrumental behavior. 
C) the deprivation period. 
D) the reinforcer quality.

Question 12

Hull and Spence added a classical conditioning component to Thorndike's Law of Effect by suggesting that the presence of stimuli S

Accepted Answer

A) elicits the response. 
B) elicits an expectation of the response. 
C) elicits the outcome. 
D) elicits an expectation of the outcome.

Question 13

A rat is first trained to press a lever for food reinforcement.Then, a tone is sounded and a brief footshock is delivered.Lastly, the rat is again allowed to press the lever for food, and the experimenter records how the rat's lever pressing behavior changes when the tone is sounded.This researcher is employing

Accepted Answer

A) a Pavlovian instrumental transfer procedure. 
B) an omission control procedure. 
C) a blocking procedure. 
D) negative reinforcement procedure.

Question 14

Sally was pushing the buttons of a video game to earn gold pieces when she heard the bicycle-bell belonging to her cruel older brother, signaling that he was home.According to the two-process theory, she will push the buttons

Accepted Answer

A) more rapidly. 
B) less rapidly. 
C) at the same rate. 
D) more rapidly at first and then less rapidly.

Question 15

What are the primary contributions of economic concepts to the understanding of the motivational bases of instrumental behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the primary contributions of economic...

Question 16

The problem with assuming that R-O relationships act alone to produce instrumental behavior is that

Accepted Answer

A) it is difficult to demonstrate R-O relationships in the laboratory. 
B) R-O relationships are theoretical constructs. 
C) the R-O relationship does not explain what causes the response in the first place. 
D) R-O relationships ignore rg-sg mechanisms.

Question 17

Which of the following theories views an instrumental contingency as a disruption of distribution of responses from free baseline?

Accepted Answer

A) drive reduction theory 
B) the response allocation approach 
C) the response deprivation hypothesis 
D) optimal foraging theory

Question 18

A child who chewed very little gum was fitted with braces and cannot chew gum at all.Now, the child's friends can reward mischievous behavior in the child by sneaking the child pieces of gum.Which of the following theories best accounts for the ability of gum chewing to reinforce other behaviors in this child?

Accepted Answer

A) drive reduction theory 
B) the response deprivation hypothesis 
C) the Premack principle 
D) the differential probability theory

Question 19

In economic concepts of response allocation, "prices" are equivalent to

Accepted Answer

A) instrumental schedules. 
B) instrumental behaviors. 
C) instrumental rewards. 
D) instrumental spending.

Question 20

According to Premack's theory,

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement is dependent on species typical responses. 
B) protecting physiological homeostasis motivates behavior. 
C) high probability responses reinforce lower probability responses. 
D) the likelihood of all instrumental responses is the same.

Exam 7: Instrumental Conditioning