Question 1

Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake during tooth formation and maturation can result in hypomineralization of developing teeth.Generally,inadequate calcium intake affects bone mass and tooth structure equivalently.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true. C

Question 2

Calcium supplements combined with vitamin D result in small but significant reductions in bone loss.Benefits of this combination are significant because the bioavailability of both vitamin D and calcium is enhanced in combined supplements.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true. C

Question 3

Each is true of calcium supplements,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

A)   A calcium supplement contains elemental calcium along with other substances.
B)   Calcium carbonate is 40% calcium by weight.
C)   Calcium citrate is 75% calcium by weight.
D)   Calcium-citrate-malate is a form of calcium in supplements or fortified foods. C

Question 4

Actions in which pressure stretches or strains the structure are referred to as compressional forces.Tensional forces are actions in which pressure attempts to increase a structure's volume.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 5

Peak bone mass occurs between:

Accepted Answer

A)   12 and14 years of age.
B)   15 and17 years of age.
C)   18 and 25 years of age.
D)   26 and 32 years of age.

Question 6

Each is true of osteoporosis,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

A)   Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder.
B)   It is characterized by decreased bone mass.
C)   Increased estrogen during perimenopause is a strong causative factor.
D)   Weight-bearing exercise is thought to be a preventive factor.

Question 7

The RDA of phosphorus for adults is 300 mg.Fatal effects result from the excessive intake of phosphorus.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 8

Mineralization of bone begins prior to collagen formation.Mineralization is the deposition of organic elements on an inorganic matrix.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 9

Patients with achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach)should not take calcium with meals.Mineral oils and some laxatives can decrease calcium absorption.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 10

During growth periods,the requirement for calcium is unchanged because peak bone mass seems to be related to the depletion of calcium reserves.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B)   Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C)   The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D)   The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E)   Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 11

Magnesium toxicity has been associated with kidney failure because the kidneys regulate plasma magnesium levels.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B)   Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C)   The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D)   The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E)   Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 12

Despite wide variations in calcium intake,serum calcium is relatively constant because each cell has a vital need for calcium.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B)   Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C)   The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D)   The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E)   Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 13

Magnesium plays a major role in blood pressure regulation.The strongest benefit occurs when magnesium is obtained from supplements.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 14

Hypercalcemia,high levels of calcium in the blood,is almost always caused by excess dietary calcium intake.This can result in renal proliferation and increased kidney function.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 15

In which situation is fluoridated drinking water most likely to result in mild fluorosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   1 ppm in a 4 year old
B)   3 ppm in a 6 year old
C)   8 ppm in a 7 year old
D)   10 ppm in an 18 year old
E)   10 ppm in an older adult

Question 16

High levels of calcium within the urine is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   hypercalcemia.
B)   hypercalciuria.
C)   hyperplasia.
D)   hypoplasia.

Question 17

Magnesium is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth.Enamel contains about three times more magnesium than dentin.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 18

Calcium balance,an intake that equals excretion,depends solely on adequate calcium intake.Although hormones such as PTH are involved in phosphorus balance,hormonal influence on calcium balance is insignificant.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both statements are true.
B)   Both statements are false.
C)   The first statement is true; the second is false.
D)   The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 19

Magnesium supplements are frequently recommended by dietitians because it is difficult to get enough magnesium from food alone.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B)   Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C)   The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D)   The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E)   Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 20

Milk and other dairy products are preferred sources of calcium because lactose enhances calcium absorption.

Accepted Answer

A)   Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B)   Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C)   The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D)   The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E)   Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Exam 9: Minerals Essential for Calcified Structures

Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake during tooth formation and maturation can result in hypomineralization of developing teeth.Generally,inadequate calcium intake affects bone mass and tooth structure equivalently.

Calcium supplements combined with vitamin D result in small but significant reductions in bone loss.Benefits of this combination are significant because the bioavailability of both vitamin D and calcium is enhanced in combined supplements.

Each is true of calcium supplements,except one.Which is the exception?

Actions in which pressure stretches or strains the structure are referred to as compressional forces.Tensional forces are actions in which pressure attempts to increase a structure's volume.

Peak bone mass occurs between:

Each is true of osteoporosis,except one.Which is the exception?

The RDA of phosphorus for adults is 300 mg.Fatal effects result from the excessive intake of phosphorus.

Mineralization of bone begins prior to collagen formation.Mineralization is the deposition of organic elements on an inorganic matrix.

Patients with achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach) should not take calcium with meals.Mineral oils and some laxatives can decrease calcium absorption.

During growth periods,the requirement for calcium is unchanged because peak bone mass seems to be related to the depletion of calcium reserves.

Magnesium toxicity has been associated with kidney failure because the kidneys regulate plasma magnesium levels.

Despite wide variations in calcium intake,serum calcium is relatively constant because each cell has a vital need for calcium.

Magnesium plays a major role in blood pressure regulation.The strongest benefit occurs when magnesium is obtained from supplements.

Hypercalcemia,high levels of calcium in the blood,is almost always caused by excess dietary calcium intake.This can result in renal proliferation and increased kidney function.

In which situation is fluoridated drinking water most likely to result in mild fluorosis?

High levels of calcium within the urine is called:

Magnesium is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth.Enamel contains about three times more magnesium than dentin.

Calcium balance,an intake that equals excretion,depends solely on adequate calcium intake.Although hormones such as PTH are involved in phosphorus balance,hormonal influence on calcium balance is insignificant.

Magnesium supplements are frequently recommended by dietitians because it is difficult to get enough magnesium from food alone.

Milk and other dairy products are preferred sources of calcium because lactose enhances calcium absorption.