Question 1

Why are intensive agriculturalists more likely to face food shortages than horticultural societies?

Accepted Answer

A)   Intensive agriculturalists often produce crops for market.
B)   Horticulture is usually more productive than intensive agriculture.
C)   Horticulture involves more complex and reliable technology.
D)   Intensive agriculturalists usually live in more challenging environments than horticulturalists. A

Question 2

All societies divide labor by what two factors?

Accepted Answer

A)   gender and age
B)   productivity and gender
C)   class and productivity
D)   age and class A

Question 3

Individual families in pastoral societies are most likely to own __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   animals
B)   grazing lands
C)   permanent dwelling places
D)   land for cultivating crops A

Question 4

Which of the following is an important social consequence of commercial agriculture?

Accepted Answer

A)   laborers migrate to urban centers in search of employment
B)   social inequality decreases
C)   there is less risk of famine due to crop failure
D)   the ethic of generalized reciprocity increases

Question 5

How might we best describe the subsistence strategies of contemporary cultures?

Accepted Answer

A)   Most people today are food producers.
B)   Most people today are foragers, supplemented with small-scale animal husbandry.
C)   There is a roughly equal balance between foraging and food-producing cultures.
D)   Most people today are foragers.

Question 6

Anthropologists have concluded that the physical environment by itself has a __________,rather than a __________,effect on the major types of subsistence.

Accepted Answer

A)   restraining; determining
B)   definitive; determining
C)   definitive; restraining
D)   positive; negative

Question 7

Which of these trends is associated with the increasing commercialization of agriculture?

Accepted Answer

A)   A smaller proportion of society is involved in food production.
B)   People are choosing to eat more locally produced foods.
C)   Technology is being used to grow a wider variety of crops on a single field.
D)   More food production is controlled by family-run operations.

Question 8

Ester Boserup argues that the intensification of agriculture is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   not likely to develop naturally out of horticulture
B)   associated with greater social equality
C)   not linked to population growth
D)   dependent upon a slow progression from animal husbandry and horticulture

Question 9

Which horticulturalists are likely to be the most sedentary?

Accepted Answer

A)   those who rely on food from trees that produce for a long time
B)   a group that uses slash-and-burn agriculture
C)   villages that raise chickens or pigs
D)   a group that still relies heavily on foraging

Question 10

Which of the following is characteristic of foraging societies?

Accepted Answer

A)   small group size consisting of related families
B)   semipermanent settled villages
C)   social hierarchies reflected in ownership of land and wealthy possessions
D)   high levels of social differentiation

Question 11

In which societies can there be no profit motive for work?

Accepted Answer

A)   subsistence economies
B)   postindustrial societies
C)   capitalist nations
D)   socialist systems

Question 12

Societies that engage in pastoralism are characterized by __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   small, highly mobile groups
B)   a dependence on small animals like chickens or pigs
C)   living in densely forested environments
D)   a very high birth rate

Question 13

Which of these groups of foragers are more likely to have individual or family ownership of land?

Accepted Answer

A)   those dependent upon fishing in rivers
B)   foragers living in particularly bountiful environments
C)   savanna foragers, who live in very low population densities
D)   those that rely on women's gathered foods for most of their calories

Question 14

Redistribution is found in all societies but only becomes an important mechanism in __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   societies with a political hierarchy
B)   very small permanent villages
C)   horticultural communities
D)   societies that emphasize social equality

Question 15

Studies have shown that many foraging and small-scale horticultural societies work just a few hours a day on subsistence and have much more leisure time than workers in complex societies.Which of the following statements explains this model?

Accepted Answer

A)   Any surplus food these societies collect or produce cannot be stored for long and will rot.
B)   These societies value leisure activities as more appropriate pursuits than labor.
C)   Members of these societies are lazy and have no interest in work.
D)   These groups have political authorities that would collect surpluses for their own use.

Question 16

Give specific examples of how you,personally,have recently participated in generalized reciprocity,balanced reciprocity,redistribution,and market exchange.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give specific examples of how you,personally,have recently...

Question 17

What herding strategies do contemporary Saami use?

Accepted Answer

A)   The Norwegian government now regulates reindeer herding.
B)   They still herd animals, but have switched to sheep and goats.
C)   They maintain their traditional nomadic lifestyle.
D)   There are no longer any reindeer herders among the Saami.

Question 18

What is one of the major consequences of horticulture?

Accepted Answer

A)   more sedentary way of life
B)   lower population density
C)   strict egalitarianism
D)   reliance on hunted game for protein

Question 19

By "food collection," anthropologists mean the obtaining of food from __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   wild plants and animals
B)   wild plants only
C)   domesticated plants and animals
D)   plants, wild and domesticated

Question 20

What social characteristics are associated with foragers and complex foragers?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What social characteristics are associated with foragers...

Exam 11: Economics