Question 1

Which of the following are lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells 
B)  T cells 
C)  NK cells 
D)  B cells AND T cells 
E)  B cells, T cells, AND NK cells

Question 2

The "voices" of a cell, which carry messages, are

Accepted Answer

A)  surface receptors. 
B)  cytokines. 
C)  platelets. 
D)  antigens. 
E)  adhesion molecules.

Question 3

How do cytokines function?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are produced by several cell types and bind directly to microbes to enhance their chance of being ingested, in a process called opsonization. 
B)  They are secreted by lysozomes into the phagosomes of neutrophils to enhance the killing of ingested microbes within those organelles. 
C)  They are secreted by one cell type, then work as a series of serum proteins to produce holes in the cytoplasmic membranes of microbes to directly lyse them. 
D)  They are secreted by microbes that have been engulfed by phagocytes, causing those cells to produce destructive enzymes and undergo apoptosis. 
E)  They are secreted by one cell type, then bind to a receptor on target cell causing a signal within that cell that turns on (or off) certain genes to achieve a response.

Question 4

Defensins are short antimicrobial peptides found within mucous membranes and phagocytes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Your first patient of the day is complaining of pain in the area of his new tattoo. When you examine the tattoo, you note that the area around it is firm, red, and swollen. There is no evidence of pus, and your patient has a normal pulse, and no fever. You tell your patient that you have seen this type of response to a tattoo before, and that it is called a granulomatous reaction. You give him more information on the condition
-You go on to explain to your patient that his skin and mucous membranes are protected from microbes by a number of antimicrobial substances. You inadvertently make a mistake during this explanation. Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lysozyme-enzyme that degrades the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall. 
B)  Defensins-short chains of carbohydrates that have strong antimicrobial properties. 
C)  Peroxidases-enzymes found in neutrophils, saliva, and milk that react with H₂O₂ to form antimicrobial compounds. 
D)  Transferrin-an iron-binding protein found in blood and tissue fluids that deprives microbes of Fe, inhibiting their growth. 
E)  Perspiration-source of salty residue on the skin that inhibits all microbes except those that are salt-tolerant.

Question 6

Which statement about skin and mucous membranes is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are the first line of innate immunity. 
B)  They are the first line of adaptive immunity. 
C)  They act as physical barriers to infection. 
D)  They contain antimicrobial secretions. 
E)  They separate us from our environment.

Question 7

A physician is attempting new therapies for HIV patients who are suffering from an impaired immune response. He decides to try using a recombinant form of colony-stimulating factor cytokine (CSF). Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  CSF is a strong inducer of antiviral activities in our cells, and may help our immune system fight off the effects of an HIV infection for a longer period of time. 
B)  CSF will help to stimulate the production of new lymphocytes, the very cells that are affected by HIV. This may help to keep the patients' immune responses "normal" for a period of time. 
C)  CSF will hyperstimulate the activities of the macrophages, leading to aggressive ingestion and successful destruction of HIV-infected cells. 
D)  CSF will drive up the production of lactoferrin and transferrin, strong antiviral compounds produced in our mucus membrane secretions that trap and destroy viruses. 
E)  CSF is a cytokine that allows cells to communicate. If levels of CSF are elevated, HIV-infected cells can alert other healthy cells so that they produce protective IFNs.

Question 8

The leukocyte that contains histamine is the

Accepted Answer

A)  lymphocyte. 
B)  basophil. 
C)  monocyte. 
D)  macrophage. 
E)  eosinophil.

Question 9

Syphilis, an STI, was once treated by intentionally infecting the patient with the parasite that causes malaria, a disease characterized by repeated bouts of fever, shaking, and chills. Why might this treatment cure syphilis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Malaria parasites produce strong antibacterial compounds (since they're eukaryotic in nature-they are trying to eliminate their competition for resources). This helps to eliminate ALL bacteria in and on the human body for a short period of time. 
B)  Malaria parasites track down and feed upon ALL bacterial cells in the human body as a part of their life cycle. This makes them a "natural antibiotic" of sorts, and highly effective at clearing the bacterial infection of syphilis. 
C)  One of the side effects of malarial infection is a massive overproduction of macrophages. This drives up the ability to ingest and destroy any microbe, including the bacterium that causes syphilis. 
D)  The effect of driving up the body temperature for periods of time can shut down the temperature-sensitive replication of the bacterium that causes syphilis. This gives the immune system time to eliminate it properly. 
E)  The bacteria that cause syphilis track down and destroy the protozoan that causes malaria. By doing this, the bacteria are "occupied" and do not cause damage to the human host.

Question 10

Pyrogens are

Accepted Answer

A)  fever-inducing substances. 
B)  fever-inhibiting substances. 
C)  phagocytosis-enhancing substances. 
D)  complement activators. 
E)  pus-producing substances.

Question 11

Please identify the INCORRECT definition regarding innate immunity.

Accepted Answer

A)  First line defenses-the barriers that separate and shield the interior of the body from the surrounding environment (skin and mucous membranes). 
B)  Sentinel cells-host cells that help the immune system detect signs of invasion by producing cytokines when their PRRs recognize an invading microbe. 
C)  Inflammatory response-coordinated innate response involved in containing a site of damage, localizing the response, eliminating the invader, and restoring tissue function. 
D)  Innate lymphoid cells-a group of lymphocytes that have increased specificity in their mechanism of antigen recognition (example: natural killer (NK) cells). 
E)  RIG-like receptors-a group of pattern recognition receptors within cells that recognize molecules associated with infecting viruses.

Question 12

The first kind of leukocyte lured to the site of inflammation is the

Accepted Answer

A)  neutrophil. 
B)  monocyte. 
C)  macrophage. 
D)  basophil. 
E)  B cell.

Exam 14: The Innate Immune Response