Question 1

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the research of ________to accomplish this.

Accepted Answer

A)  Bandura 
B)  Skinne. 
C)  Tolman 
D)  Garci. 
E)  Seligman

Question 2

Rhesus monkeys raised in a laboratory may not have early wild exposure that will teach them to be adaptively afraid of predators, such as snakes. Galef and Laland (2005) found that the monkeys did learn this behavior when

Accepted Answer

A)  they tossed rubber snakes into the cage at random times to frighten the rhesus monkey. 
B)  they were shown a video of a wild rhesus monkey being afraid of a snake. 
C)  they saw a photograph of a deceased rhesus monkey and a separate picture of the snake at the same time. 
D)  they were able to look at pictures of snakes attacking other wild animals. 
E)  researchers played sounds of snakes hissing while turning off the lights in the laboratory.

Question 3

One outcome demonstrated by Watson and Rayner's testing with Little Albert was that

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning can modify behavior. 
B)  the fear response may generalize to other stimuli. 
C)  taste aversions can be formed in young children. 
D)  counterconditioning is difficult. 
E)  spontaneous recovery can occur at the wrong time.

Question 4

One of the best therapy strategies for eliminating conditioned fears involves combining ________ in a process known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative and positive reinforcement; aversion 
B)  arousal and stress reduction; shaping 
C)  conditioned and unconditioned responses; discriminatio. 
D)  primary and secondary reinforcers; social learning 
E)  extinction and relaxation; counterconditionin.

Question 5

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced

Accepted Answer

A)  blocking. 
B)  a conditioned food aversion. 
C)  operant taste conditioning. 
D)  noncontingent conditioning. 
E)  shaping.

Question 6

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert?

Accepted Answer

A)  a ra. 
B)  a loud nois. 
C)  a high chair 
D)  a small enclosed space 
E)  a blanket

Question 7

The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires

Accepted Answer

A)  that the person must be hungry. 
B)  that the individual must receive either punishment or reinforcement. 
C)  a critical impact of insight. 
D)  no learning. 
E)  that the dog salivates at the sound of the bell.

Question 8

The cognitive view would argue that learning

Accepted Answer

A)  always changes both behavior and thinking. 
B)  does not always change behavior, but it always produces changes in mental activity. 
C)  does not always change thinking, but it always produces changes in behaviors. 
D)  produces changes in mental activity that cannot be objectively examined. 
E)  always involves either reward or punishment.

Question 9

Imagine that you have an intense fear of flying and that that you are enrolled in a counterconditioning therapy program to help you lose this fear. Which of the following situations would GREATLY interfere with the success of this therapy for fear of flying?

Accepted Answer

A)  Your plane develops engine trouble while you are on a short 20-minute practice flight. 
B)  You take a muscle relaxant to calm you before the therapy. 
C)  You are told over and over that flying is quite safe. 
D)  You watch a movie about a person safely flying on a trip. 
E)  B and C are correct.

Question 10

Using the Premack principle, once you have finished studying for your next biology test, you should

Accepted Answer

A)  study for at least two hours. 
B)  study for a different test. 
C)  work on your biology homework assignment. 
D)  teach the biology material to a friend or classmate. 
E)  do something you enjoy.

Question 11

Gertrude is about to start undergoing chemotherapy for colon cancer, and her husband is concerned that the side effects will cause her to develop a conditioned taste aversion to her favorite foods. What would be the best advice for Gertrude to avoid this outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gertrude should be on a liquid diet during the entire of the chemotherapy regimen. 
B)  Gertrude's husband should make sure that food is available immediately after the chemotherapy treatments. 
C)  The physician should prescribe medications that will prevent nausea and vomiting. 
D)  Gertrude should only eat foods she dislikes on treatment days. 
E)  Meals should be withheld prior to the chemotherapy.

Question 12

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior modificatio. 
B)  stimulus discrimination 
C)  extinction 
D)  stimulus generalizatio. 
E)  spontaneous recovery

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a rewarding consequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  food 
B)  high grades 
C)  praise 
D)  money 
E)  All of these answers are correct.

Question 14

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner, he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  biofeedback theory. 
D)  social learning theory. 
E)  observational learning.

Question 15

When good things happen to someone, the probability of repeating the behavior that occurred before the good things increases. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. 
B)  the law of effect. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  the law of desirable consequences. 
E)  intermittent reinforcement.

Question 16

________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student 
B)  A kiss; money 
C)  Water; food 
D)  A gold star; cupcake 
E)  A gift card; a cake

Question 17

The fact that food aversions are ________ poses a problem for classical conditioning theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  hard to measure 
B)  not consisten. 
C)  learned through observation 
D)  generalizable 
E)  not entirely learne.

Question 18

A telemarketer is working according to a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed rati. 
B)  variable rati. 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval 
E)  continuous

Question 19

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response. 
B)  unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  conditioned response. 
D)  conditioned stimulus. 
E)  neutral stimulus.

Question 20

The ________ principle, which delays a desired reward until a less desirable activity is completed, can be useful for parents who want their children to complete certain unpleasant tasks.

Accepted Answer

A)  Pavlov 
B)  Garcia 
C)  Flynn 
D)  Skinner 
E)  Premack

Exam 4: Learning and Human Nurture