Question 1

Human toxicity has been shown as blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular condition, in individuals drinking water contaminated with _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   boron
B)   arsenic
C)   silicon
D)   vanadium B

Question 2

Which mineral may substitute for magnesium in the complement system?

Accepted Answer

A)   boron
B)   cobalt
C)   silicon
D)   nickel D

Question 3

Which ultratrace element was used as a preservative for meat, fish, and dairy products in the early 1900s, considered dangerous for humans in the 1920s, and then deemed essential starting in the 1980s?

Accepted Answer

A)   cobalt
B)   arsenic
C)   boron
D)   vanadium C

Question 4

In humans, signs of nickel _____ include nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing.

Accepted Answer

A)   toxicity
B)   deficiency
C)   subclinical deficiency
D)   carcinogenesis

Question 5

Which ultratrace element, in pharmacological quantities, mimics the action of insulin?

Accepted Answer

A)   boron
B)   silicon
C)   nickel
D)   vanadium

Question 6

Which ultratrace element is not required by humans in its ionic form, but is a necessary component of the coenzyme form of a vitamin?

Accepted Answer

A)   iron
B)   boron
C)   cobalt
D)   vanadium

Question 7

Which of the following interacts with fluoride in such a way as to inhibit absorption?

Accepted Answer

A)   aluminum
B)   phosphate
C)   calcium
D)   sodium

Question 8

The richest dietary sources of vanadium are _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   fats and oils
B)   cereal and grain products
C)   sweeteners
D)   milk products

Question 9

Which micromineral plays a contributing role in the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals that are more resistant to acid erosion?

Accepted Answer

A)   arsenic
B)   selenium
C)   fluoride
D)   nickel

Question 10

What ultratrace element has been shown to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase function and the absorption of amino acids at higher concentrations?

Accepted Answer

A)   vanadium
B)   arsenic
C)   cobalt
D)   boron

Question 11

What ultratrace element is normally consumed at <100 µg/d, mainly from nuts, legumes, grains, and chocolate, and has been assigned a Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1 mg/d?

Accepted Answer

A)   nickel
B)   silicon
C)   cobalt
D)   boron

Question 12

Which element has a positive influence on collagen synthesis and bone mineralization?

Accepted Answer

A)   silicon
B)   vanadium
C)   arsenic
D)   nickel

Question 13

What foods are rich sources of silicon?

Accepted Answer

A)   whole grains and root vegetables
B)   coffee and beer
C)   milk and milk products
D)   meats, poultry, and fish

Question 14

Which ultratrace element enters the cell through transport systems for phosphate, with which it competes?

Accepted Answer

A)   nickel
B)   boron
C)   vanadium
D)   cobalt

Question 15

Selenium and iodine interact antagonistically with _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   arsenic
B)   vanadium
C)   boron
D)   silicon

Question 16

Which element impairs iodine uptake, causing compensatory goiter in mice?

Accepted Answer

A)   boron
B)   cobalt
C)   nickel
D)   arsenic

Question 17

Because of its anti-inflammatory actions, which element may reduce the severity of rheumatoid arthritis?

Accepted Answer

A)   cobalt
B)   boron
C)   silicon
D)   arsenic

Question 18

Which of the following groups of foods are richest in boron, providing 1.0 to 4.5 mg/100 g?

Accepted Answer

A)   raisins, legumes, nuts, and avocados
B)   pork, beef, and poultry
C)   milk , butter, cheese, and yogurt
D)   fish and shellfish

Question 19

For what ultratrace element that is well known for its toxicity, yet is now deemed essential in small quantities, have no human dietary requirement and no Tolerable Upper Intake Level been established?

Accepted Answer

A)   arsenic
B)   cobalt
C)   boron
D)   vanadium

Question 20

Boron is associated with which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

A)   metabolism of methionine and methylation of DNA
B)   bone development and mediation of the inflammatory response
C)   synthesis of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen
D)   insulin action

Exam 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals