Question 1

What is the scope of the biological perspective?

Accepted Answer

A)  It deals with the ways in which children encode information. 
B)  It examines how children learn to act by observing models. 
C)  It views children as going through stages of psychosexual development. 
D)  It refers to various physical areas of development, including brain growth and heredity.

Question 2

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner,

Accepted Answer

A)  who you are at birth is who you are throughout life. 
B)  there are reciprocal interactions that influence child development. 
C)  unconscious conflicts and urges primarily influence child development. 
D)  interactions with parents determine what kind of adult a child becomes.

Question 3

Birds raised in isolation sing the songs typical of their species. For ethologists, this speaks to the influence of

Accepted Answer

A)  evolution. 
B)  environment. 
C)  learning. 
D)  reinforcements.

Question 4

Describe the controversies in child development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the controversies in child development....

Question 5

Dr. Yates forms the hypothesis that students who sleep more prior to taking an exam will score higher on the exam than students who sleep less. Half of the students sleep eight to nine hours the night before the exam. The other half sleep only four to five hours the night before the test. She then gives the participants an exam. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  The group that sleeps eight to nine hours 
B)  The performance on the exam 
C)  The group that sleeps four to five hours 
D)  Whether they slept four to five or eight or nine hours

Question 6

According to Erikson, what is the primary task of the teenage years?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sexual maturation 
B)  Gaining metacognitive abilities 
C)  Developing an identity 
D)  Becoming generative

Question 7

Freud believed that most of the human mind lay beneath consciousness, similar to a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  volcano. 
B)  submarine. 
C)  reflection. 
D)  iceberg.

Question 8

Match the following descriptions with the correct term:
-Operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

A) people distinguished by cultural heritage 
B) distinct periods which occur in an orderly sequence 
C) theory of psychosocial development 
D) the building blocks of heredity 
E) subjects who do not receive treatment
F)stimulus, response, consequence
G)similar behavior in same-age peers
H)first year of life
I)number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00
J)standardized intelligence test
K)relationships between living organisms and their environment
L)begins in the third year of life
M)quantities that can change over time
N)decreases undesired behavior
O)modify existing schema
P)attitudes and ideologies of a culture
Q)increases desired behavior
R)Pavlov bell-and-pad treatment
S)study of how behaviors specific to a species help them adapt
T)tabula rasa

Question 9

According to Piaget, infants

Accepted Answer

A)  do not have schemes. 
B)  are incapable of cognition. 
C)  have schemes that involve simply what they can and cannot do with objects. 
D)  are entirely dependent upon reflexes for survival.

Question 10

Negative reinforcement will increase a desired behavior when an unpleasant stimulus is removed.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Baby Tyrese has an understanding of "things he can reach," such as a toy in his crib, and "things he can't reach," such as the mobile hanging above his crib. According to Piaget, what are these cognitive structures called?

Accepted Answer

A)  Theories 
B)  Schemes 
C)  Assimilation categories 
D)  Accommodation categories

Question 12

When her daughter misbehaves, Olivia has her daughter sit quietly by herself for a few minutes without being allowed to play with other children or toys. What else should Olivia do to ensure that the time-out is effective in reducing her daughter's unwanted behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  She should warn her daughter that a time-out would occur if misbehavior continues. 
B)  She should also use punishment to make the time-out more effective. 
C)  She should not tell her daughter how long the time-out will last. 
D)  She should not remind her daughter why the time-out is occurring.

Question 13

Piaget suggested that

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive development is disorderly and unpredictable. 
B)  all children progress through different and unique stages of development. 
C)  development occurs in a nonlinear and largely random fashion. 
D)  development at one stage is made possible by development in a preceding stage.

Question 14

The study of the influence of genes on development is the study of nature (heredity) as opposed to nurture (environment).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Piaget is known for developing

Accepted Answer

A)  psychosexual stages. 
B)  psychosocial stages. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  cognitive-developmental theory.

Question 16

Which of the following represents observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jonathan jumps when he hears loud thunder. 
B)  Antony isn't given any dessert because he didn't eat his green vegetables at dinner. 
C)  Gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn in a similar way. 
D)  Sara stops having temper tantrums in public when her father begins ignoring them.

Question 17

Match the following descriptions with the correct term:
-Genes

Accepted Answer

A) people distinguished by cultural heritage 
B) distinct periods which occur in an orderly sequence 
C) theory of psychosocial development 
D) the building blocks of heredity 
E) subjects who do not receive treatment
F)stimulus, response, consequence
G)similar behavior in same-age peers
H)first year of life
I)number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00
J)standardized intelligence test
K)relationships between living organisms and their environment
L)begins in the third year of life
M)quantities that can change over time
N)decreases undesired behavior
O)modify existing schema
P)attitudes and ideologies of a culture
Q)increases desired behavior
R)Pavlov bell-and-pad treatment
S)study of how behaviors specific to a species help them adapt
T)tabula rasa

Question 18

When it comes to learning new things, children will

Accepted Answer

A)  first attempt to accommodate. 
B)  ignore new information. 
C)  first attempt to assimilate. 
D)  abandon use of schemas.

Question 19

Elena is a 6-month-old infant. She is leaning that her basic needs will be taken care of by her caregivers and her environment. According to Erikson's theory, which stage of psychosocial development is Elena in?

Accepted Answer

A)  Trust vs. mistrust 
B)  Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 
C)  Initiative vs. guilt 
D)  Industry vs. inferiority

Question 20

Applying learning theory when trying to help children overcome behavioral disorders or to cope with adjustment problems is often referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  psychology of adjustment. 
B)  behavior modification. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  sensitization learning.

Exam 1: History-Theories-And-Methods