Question 1

When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A) perceivers 
B) target 
C) timing 
D) context 
E) situation

Question 2

Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind this?

Accepted Answer

A) Our perception of reality depends on our past experiences. 
B) Our perception of reality depends on our personality. 
C) We don't look at targets in isolation. 
D) The time at which we see an object can influence our perception of the object. 
E) Our motives and expectations affect our perception of a target.

Question 3

Explain the relationship between decision making and perception.

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

What is the first step in the rational decision-making model?

Accepted Answer

A) developing alternatives 
B) defining the problem 
C) identifying the decision criteria 
D) weighing the decision criteria 
E) evaluating the alternatives

Question 5

Explain how stereotyping can cause problems for some managers when making ethical decisions. Provide an example.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause?

Accepted Answer

A) a behavior that scores high on consensus 
B) a behavior that scores low on distinctiveness 
C) a behavior that scores high on consistency 
D) a behavior that scores low on traceability 
E) a behavior that scores high on rigidity

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true regarding perception?

Accepted Answer

A) Perception of reality is independent of one's personality. 
B) Our perception of a target is not affected by the context of the situation in which the perception is made. 
C) Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality. 
D) Our perception of reality is independent of our past experiences. 
E) We form a perception of a target by looking at it in isolation.

Question 8

What is an anchoring bias?

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

A manager believes that he should not hire older workers because they can't learn new skills. This belief is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A) an anchoring bias 
B) a fundamental attribution error 
C) a confirmation bias 
D) a self-serving bias 
E) stereotyping

Question 10

Harriet Kirby, a fund raising manager at a women's rights organization, experienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This year, when a renowned international bank executive showed interest in sponsoring the organization's upcoming annual event, Kirby rejected their participation. She felt that banks have a casual approach toward charity events and it is risky to involve them in the event. Which of the following best characterizes Kirby's decision?

Accepted Answer

A) selective perception 
B) cognitive dissonance 
C) self-serving bias 
D) bandwagon effect 
E) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 11

With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations?

Accepted Answer

A) flexibility 
B) integrity 
C) consensus 
D) consistency 
E) distinctiveness

Question 12

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She has strong networks with the Ministry of Environment and allies with several environmental organizations in the country. Over the years, she has gained substantial knowledge on the issue of climate change. However, recently when she prepared a consolidated report on a conference she attended on climate change, it reflected major loopholes and limited information from the conference. Which of the following, if true, substantiates that Johanna had an anchoring bias?

Accepted Answer

A) Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker. 
B) Johanna participated actively in the interactive session conducted at the end. 
C) The speakers at the conference consisted of renowned environmental scientists and activists. 
D) Johanna has attended several conferences where the panel consisted of eminent scientists. 
E) Johanna was shocked by the startling facts shown during the concluding session.

Question 13

David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers' perception of SUV drivers?

Accepted Answer

A) his financial background 
B) his expectations 
C) his interest 
D) his motive 
E) his personality

Question 14

Amanda Winter worked as a public engagement coordinator at Safe Food Alliance until three months ago when her manager, Laura Morris, promoted her to the position of a sustainable food campaigner. However, soon after this, Laura noticed that Amanda was facing major difficulties in achieving campaign milestones and the project was falling behind schedule due to her lack of performance. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Laura was influenced by the halo effect in her decision to promote Amanda?

Accepted Answer

A) Laura is known to micromanage most of her projects. 
B) Laura uses cultural stereotyping in order to speed up the process of decision making. 
C) Laura has made good hiring decisions in the past and is known to be an unbiased judge of character. 
D) Laura sat in on only one of Amanda's presentations prior to giving her the promotion. 
E) Laura worked closely with Amanda over a period of eight months.

Question 15

The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n)________ bias.

Accepted Answer

A) self-serving 
B) confirmation 
C) impact 
D) hindsight 
E) anchoring

Question 16

What is escalation of commitment? Explain.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception?

Accepted Answer

A) attitude 
B) motive 
C) interest 
D) novelty 
E) experience

Question 18

According to the attribution theory, ________ is one of the three main factors which attempt to determine an individual's behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) distinctiveness 
B) perverseness 
C) flexibleness 
D) resilience 
E) timorousness

Question 19

A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of six or nine months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n)________ bias.

Accepted Answer

A) self-serving bias 
B) availability 
C) impact 
D) distinction 
E) hindsight

Question 20

Explain the three components of creativity. Name two biases and give examples of how they would affect creativity.

Accepted Answer

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Exam 6: Perception and Individual Decision Making