Question 1

The most caudal part of the frontal lobe contains the region.

Accepted Answer

A)   lateral prefrontal cortex
B)   premotor
C)   anterior cingulate
D)   primary motor D

Question 2

Action-outcome decisions involve a more form of processing whereas stimulus-response are more .

Accepted Answer

A)   habitual ; automatic
B)   automatic ; controlled
C)   controlled ; automatic
D)   none of the above C

Question 3

In general, increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)   the task requires planning and decision making.
B)   the task involves well-learned or automatic responses.
C)   the task is likely to require error correction.
D)   the task requires a response that competes with another strong habitual response. B

Question 4

Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or symptoms EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)   deficits in planning complex behaviors.
B)   perseveration in responding.
C)   fluent aphasia.
D)   disruption of working memory.

Question 5

Switching tasks requires maintenance but not manipulation of information in working memory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the

Accepted Answer

A)   primary motor cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, and frontal pole.
B)   lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, and medial frontal cortex.
C)   frontal pole, medial frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate.
D)   medial frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and primary motor cortex.

Question 7

Provide an example of a delayed-response task. How has this task informed our understanding of the prefrontal cortex?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide an example of a delayed-response task....

Question 8

Cognitive control is NOT involved in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   goal-oriented behavior
B)   decision making
C)   cognitive flexibility
D)   implicit memory

Question 9

In a stop-signal task, participants are asked to

Accepted Answer

A)   choose between two responses but abort their response when signaled to do so.
B)   identify the color red, yellow, or green)  in which color words have been written.
C)   sort cards into piles but change the sorting rule when the stop signal appears.
D)   drive a virtual car through crowded London streets, obeying all traffic signals.

Question 10

Which of the following is true about the prefrontal cortex?

Accepted Answer

A)   The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in working memory but not in long-term storage of information.
B)   The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in long-term storage of information but not in working memory.
C)   The prefrontal cortex is important for both working memory and long-term storage of information.
D)   The prefrontal cortex is not essential for either working memory or long-term storage of information.

Question 11

You encounter a bear that triggers an emotional response. Which of the following areas would not show increased dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)   amygdala
B)   hippocampus
C)   anterior cingulate cortex
D)   dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 12

Describe the components of valuation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the components of valuation....

Question 13

Primary reinforcers involve whereas secondary reinforcers do not.

Accepted Answer

A)   acquired value
B)   no value
C)   some value
D)   survival value

Question 14

How do ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices differ in terms of valuation? Give an example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices...

Question 15

People with frontal lobe injuries and control participants were asked to figure out a way to clean a floor when there are no towels. Which of the following statements would be associated with frontal lobe patients and not controls?

Accepted Answer

A)   The floor is dirty.
B)   Just take your blouse off and clean it with that.
C)   We can clean the floor with the soles of our shoes.
D)   We need a cloth or paper to clean the floor.

Question 16

For situations in which no routine procedure can be used to generate an appropriate response, which type of mechanism is used to select the best schema control unit for translation into action?

Accepted Answer

A)   the somatic marker hypothesis
B)   utilization behavior
C)   the supervisory attentional system
D)   source encoding

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes the anatomical connectivity of the prefrontal lobes to the rest of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A)   Most synapses in the prefrontal cortex originate from subcortical regions rather than from other cortical regions in the brain.
B)   Almost all connections in this area carry inputs from other regions of the cortex rather than from subcortical regions.
C)   Connections in this region tend to carry inputs from other parts of the prefrontal cortex rather than from other lobes of the brain.
D)   There are extensive projections to and from the prefrontal cortex to all other lobes of the brain.

Question 18

You have just been introduced to two people, one of whom suffers from a frontal lobe syndrome and the other from visual agnosia. However, you do not know which person is which. Describe some questions or tasks that you could use to determine which person has the frontal lobe syndrome and which one has visual agnosia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You have just been introduced to two...

Question 19

The idea that the prefrontal cortex filters out and inhibits irrelevant information is supported by the ERP findings of Knight and Grabowecky 1995), who found that patients with prefrontal lesions produced in response to ignored tones during a listening task.

Accepted Answer

A)   smaller evoked potentials
B)   larger evoked potentials
C)   evoked potentials that were longer in duration
D)   evoked potentials that were briefer in duration

Question 20

The supervisory attentional system, which seems to be localized to the in the brain, becomes active during the Stroop task because this task requires .

Accepted Answer

A)   orbitofrontal cortex ; a response vocalizing a perceived color)  that competes with a strong habitual response reading) 
B)   orbitofrontal cortex ; a response reading)  that competes with a strong habitual response vocalizing a perceived color) 
C)   anterior cingulate cortex ; a response reading)  that competes with a strong habitual response vocalizing a perceived color) 
D)   anterior cingulate cortex ; a response vocalizing a perceived color)  that competes with a strong habitual response reading)

Exam 12: Cognitive Control