Question 1

The homunculus in S1:

Accepted Answer

A)   exaggerates some parts of the body and de-emphasizes others.
B)   represents each body part equally.
C)   represents the feet at the base of the cortex and the head at the top of the cortex.
D)   has no representation of the face. A

Question 2

Suppose researchers train a rat to press a bar when a 1000 Hz tone sounds and a person trains the same rat NOT to press the bar when a 1200 Hz tone sounds. Finally, they test for generalization using the following sounds: (a) 900 Hz, (b) 1000 Hz, (c) 1100 Hz, and (d) 1200 Hz. Draw a graph showing the excitatory and inhibitory gradients and the summation curve showing the peak shift.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: There should be a positive gradient centered on 1000 Hz and a negative gradient centered on 1200 Hz. The peak shift curve should be centered on 900 Hz. See Figure 6.8 in the text.

Question 3

Suppose researchers train a dog to salivate in response to a 1000 Hz tone. They then test for generalization by presenting the 1000 Hz tone as well as tones of other pitches a distributed representation to the original tone and at least one of the other tones.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: Diagrams should be similar to Figures 6.2 and 6.4  in the text. The discrete-component representation should show a single layer with a response to 1000 Hz and no response to the other tones; the distributed representation should show multiple layers with overlapping components activated by different tones; there should be a strong response to 1000 Hz and a weaker response to other tones.

Question 4

The hippocampus and associated brain regions, including the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus, are known as the:

Accepted Answer

A)   amygdala.
B)   hippocampal region.
C)   parahippocampal region.
D)   perirhinal cortex.

Question 5

Dylan and Aaron both enjoy foreign films. If a person later learns that Dylan also enjoys riding dirt bikes, the person may infer that Aaron also enjoys riding dirt bikes. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   acquired equivalence.
B)   sensory preconditioning.
C)   discrimination training.
D)   negative patterning.

Question 6

Which statement is TRUE regarding configural nodes?

Accepted Answer

A)   They are part of the input layer of a discrete-component representation.
B)   They are part of the input layer of a distributed representation.
C)   They respond only when a combination of input nodes are active.
D)   Their connection to the output node has a positive weight.

Question 7

The primary sensory cortices are involved in determining:

Accepted Answer

A)   which stimuli deserve expanded cortical representation.
B)   what consequence has occurred following a response.
C)   what information has been received in other sensory modalities.
D)   what type of behavioral response should be made to a stimulus.

Question 8

Lesions to the hippocampus lead to:

Accepted Answer

A)   impaired performance on sensory preconditioning tasks but not on acquired equivalence tasks.
B)   impaired performance on acquired equivalence tasks but not on sensory preconditioning tasks.
C)   impaired performance on both acquired equivalence and sensory preconditioning tasks.
D)   normal performance on both acquired equivalence and sensory preconditioning tasks.

Question 9

If parents use training wheels to aid their child in learning to ride a two-wheeler, they have adopted a variation of _____ learning.

Accepted Answer

A)   consequential
B)   discrimination
C)   errorless discrimination
D)   integral

Question 10

Lesions of the hippocampal region lead to:

Accepted Answer

A)   enhanced acquired equivalence.
B)   impaired acquired equivalence.
C)   increased generalization between stimuli that have co-occurred in the past.
D)   enhanced latent inhibition.

Question 11

The process by which websites use a form of generalization to predict what one would buy is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   discrete-component representation.
B)   distributed representations.
C)   the generalization gradient.
D)   collaborative filtering.

Question 12

Aidan plays well with his brother and with his sister, but, when Aidan tries to play with both of them together, the three of them just end up arguing. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   discrimination training.
B)   negative patterning.
C)   sensory preconditioning.
D)   acquired equivalence.

Question 13

Stimuli that differ across multiple dimensions for example tones and lights are known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   extradimensional discrimination.
B)   intradimensional discrimination.
C)   the discrete-component model.
D)   the generalization gradient.

Question 14

The mediation of behavior through responses to cues in the world is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulus sampling theory.
B)   distributed representation.
C)   discrimination learning.
D)   stimulus control.

Question 15

_____ representations use a unique node to represent each individual stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)   Discrete-component
B)   Distributed
C)   Topographic
D)   Consequential

Question 16

A training procedure in which difficult discrimination is learned by starting with an easy version of the task and proceeding to incrementally harder versions as the easier ones are mastered is referred to as _____ learning.

Accepted Answer

A)   consequential
B)   discrimination
C)   errorless discrimination
D)   integral

Question 17

Discuss the evidence suggesting that the hippocampus is important for generalization.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the evidence suggesting that the hippocampus...

Question 18

Training in which presentation of two stimuli together as a compound results in a later tendency to generalize what is known about one of these stimuli to the other is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   consequential learning.
B)   sensory preconditioning.
C)   error discrimination learning.
D)   integral learning.

Question 19

According to Spence, the peak-shift effect occurs because the:

Accepted Answer

A)   observed response is given by the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients.
B)   organism ignores the excitatory generalization gradient.
C)   organism ignores both the excitatory and the inhibitory generalization gradients.
D)   observed response is given by the inhibitory generalization gradient.

Question 20

A detector for a unique configuration of two cues such as a certain tone and light is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   similarity-based generalization.
B)   acquired equivalence.
C)   negative patterning.
D)   configural nodes.

Exam 6: Generalization, Discrimination Learning, and Concept Formation Memory Module