Question 1

Research by Julie Norem indicates that defensive pessimists and optimists likely ________ goals.

Accepted Answer

A)  use different strategies but obtain similar 
B)  have similar specific goals but different general 
C)  use the same strategies but obtain different 
D)  have different learning goals but similar performance

Question 2

Behaviorists like John Watson assumed that an individual's personality consists of a repertoire of learned

Accepted Answer

A)  helplessness. 
B)  stimulus-response associations. 
C)  if … then responses. 
D)  social norms.

Question 3

An individual's environment, from a behaviorist perspective, includes his or her

Accepted Answer

A)  thoughts, feelings, and emotions. 
B)  close surroundings with others who offer support and advice. 
C)  rewards and punishments in the physical and social world. 
D)  immediate physical space (e.g., a forest or a house).

Question 4

A ________ is a desired end state, and ________ are the means that the individual uses to achieve this end state.

Accepted Answer

A)  goal; strategies 
B)  strategy; goals 
C)  self-concept; self-schemas 
D)  motivation; needs

Question 5

According to Skinner's terminology, behavior that acts on the environment and changes environmental conditions to the organism's advantage is ________ behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent 
B)  reinforced 
C)  operant 
D)  reciprocally determined

Question 6

What are the two basic dimensions of the emotional circumplex model?

Accepted Answer

A)  aroused-unaroused and negative-positive 
B)  positive stimuli and negative stimuli 
C)  strong-weak and aroused-unaroused 
D)  aroused-unaroused and strong-weak

Question 7

A strong, consistent, and stable tendency to experience positive and energizing emotions is the fundamental feature of what trait?

Accepted Answer

A)  neuroticism 
B)  extraversion 
C)  openness 
D)  achievement motivation

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of idiographic goals?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are conscious at least some of the time. 
B)  They are common goals that essentially everyone pursues. 
C)  They are assumed to be changeable over time. 
D)  They are assumed to function independently of each other.

Question 9

Compare and contrast operant conditioning with classical conditioning. Give an example for each when one might be more useful for understanding behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast operant conditioning with classical...

Question 10

On the first day of kindergarten, the teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question. By the end of the first week, the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks. At the end of the second week, the teacher will only respond to students' questions if they are quietly seated, raise their hands, and wait to be called on before asking their questions. The teacher is using ________ to change the students' behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation 
B)  shaping 
C)  punishment 
D)  secondary conditioning

Question 11

A(n) ________ goal is one in which an individual is interested in self-improvement, and a(n) ________ goal is one in which an individual seeks to validate a personal attribute.

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic; extrinsic 
B)  judgment; development 
C)  extrinsic; intrinsic 
D)  development; judgment

Question 12

Experiments have shown that if one receives rewards and/or punishments randomly (i.e., regardless of what one does), then one is likely to develop depression. This phenomenon is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  learned helplessness. 
B)  angst. 
C)  social learning theory. 
D)  reverse conditioning.

Question 13

Mischel's if … then model is rooted in Watson's

Accepted Answer

A)  S-R connection theory. 
B)  five-factor model. 
C)  social learning theory. 
D)  personal construct theory.

Question 14

The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A)  changing efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change. 
B)  expectancies vary across situations. 
C)  children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors. 
D)  learning can occur vicariously through observation.

Question 15

What term describes someone who is low in emotional intelligence?

Accepted Answer

A)  hedonic 
B)  eudaimonic 
C)  dysthymic 
D)  alexithymic

Question 16

Based on the text, which of the following would NOT be considered a personality process?

Accepted Answer

A)  perception 
B)  motivation 
C)  emotion 
D)  trait development

Exam 14: Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking