Question 1

Briefly describe the main features of "participatory action research" (PAR).What one major feature distinguishes this approach from all other quantitative and qualitative approaches?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe the main features of "participatory...

Question 2

Define the following:
-go native

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-go native...

Question 3

Define the following:
-negative case analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-negative case analysis...

Question 4

During which of the following steps or phases in field research does a researcher need to become concerned with issues of negotiation and disclosure?

Accepted Answer

A) During the preparation,reading,and defocusing phase 
B) When selecting a field site and thinking about how to gain access to it 
C) When entering the field and establishing social relations with members of the field site 
D) During the process of adopting a social role and learning the ropes 
E) At every step of the research process

Question 5

Describe the basic steps a researcher should follow when preparing a field research project.

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The answer of Describe the basic steps a researcher should...

Question 6

Which of the following practices is best suited to enhancing the transferability of research?

Accepted Answer

A) Thick description 
B) Generalizability 
C) Member checking 
D) External audit 
E) Negative case analysis

Question 7

Define the following:
-covert observer

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-covert observer...

Question 8

In the field,__________ are digressions into theory that researchers in the field use to elaborate ideas in depth,while __________ are detailed notes about concrete events that are written in a way that permits multiple interpretations later.

Accepted Answer

A) researcher inference notes; jotted notes 
B) researcher inference notes; personal notes 
C) personal notes; researcher inference notes 
D) direct observation notes; analytical memos 
E) analytical memos; direct observation notes

Question 9

Define the following:
-overt observer

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-overt observer...

Question 10

Which of the following is a recommendation for taking good field notes?

Accepted Answer

A) Totally substitute tape or video recording for the old-fashioned system of writing notes. 
B) Record field events in any order; do not worry about putting them in a time order or organizing them chronologically. 
C) Ignore small talk or routine information that does not seem important to save space. 
D) Do not "let your feelings flow," but be objective and think through everything before writing,using complete sentences,proper punctuation,and correct spelling. 
E) Reread notes periodically and record any ideas that come to you from the rereading.

Question 11

The field researcher should

Accepted Answer

A) not expect personal stress or psychological discomfort,but plan for a relaxing and totally enjoyable experience. 
B) disguise or obscure the names of those being studied and keep information confidential or even write them in code. 
C) never use personal connections or friendships to gain entry into a field setting. 
D) resolve all ethical dilemmas,problems,and issues before entering the field. 
E) avoid the "learner" or "incompetent" social role,but instead appear to be in command at all times and be the expert on the scene.

Question 12

Define the following:
-key informant

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-key informant...

Question 13

Define the following:
-semi-participant

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The answer of Define the following:
-semi-participant...

Question 14

Define the following:
-audit trail

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-audit trail...

Question 15

Which one of Lincoln and Guba's (1985)criteria is most closely associated with the quantitative idea of reliability?

Accepted Answer

A) Confirmability 
B) Credibility 
C) Validity 
D) Dependability 
E) Transferability

Question 16

Define the following:
-direct observation notes

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-direct observation notes...

Question 17

Field researchers often use nonprobability samples,which means that they may take a smaller,selective set of observations from all possible observations.Identify and briefly describe four different types of units a field researcher might sample.

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The answer of Field researchers often use nonprobability samples,which means...

Question 18

If one is in a field setting where there are opposing groups in conflict with one another,the best thing to do is

Accepted Answer

A) immediately choose one group and side with it.Becoming a strong advocate for its position is the best way to gain trust and intimacy. 
B) leave the field immediately.Researchers must avoid all conflict and stay neutral. 
C) try to be as impartial as possible.Explain that you are neutral to both sides to keep lines of communication open. 
D) take an active role as mediator.Use your influence to get the groups to be friendly with each other and end their fighting. 
E) use the opportunity to leave the setting entirely.A field researcher must never be privy to group conflict.

Question 19

What type of study best typifies field research?

Accepted Answer

A) An examination of the similarities and differences in attitudes or behaviours between two groups of people 
B) A study that requires the researcher to administer a survey to individuals in small group settings 
C) Studying people in a specific location or a particular setting 
D) Situations where the researcher is not able to directly interact with the participants 
E) Any study that requires analysis of a sampled population

Question 20

Define the following:
-complete observer

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-complete observer...

Exam 13: Field Research

Briefly describe the main features of "participatory action research" (PAR).What one major feature distinguishes this approach from all other quantitative and qualitative approaches?

Define the following: -go native

Define the following: -negative case analysis

During which of the following steps or phases in field research does a researcher need to become concerned with issues of negotiation and disclosure?

Describe the basic steps a researcher should follow when preparing a field research project.

Which of the following practices is best suited to enhancing the transferability of research?

Define the following: -covert observer

In the field, are digressions into theory that researchers in the field use to elaborate ideas in depth,while are detailed notes about concrete events that are written in a way that permits multiple interpretations later.

Define the following: -overt observer

Which of the following is a recommendation for taking good field notes?

The field researcher should

Define the following: -key informant

Define the following: -semi-participant

Define the following: -audit trail

Which one of Lincoln and Guba's (1985) criteria is most closely associated with the quantitative idea of reliability?

Define the following: -direct observation notes

Field researchers often use nonprobability samples,which means that they may take a smaller,selective set of observations from all possible observations.Identify and briefly describe four different types of units a field researcher might sample.

If one is in a field setting where there are opposing groups in conflict with one another,the best thing to do is

What type of study best typifies field research?

Define the following: -complete observer