Question 1

In an experimental research design,the variable or condition that is manipulated by the researcher is called the __________ variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  independent 
B)  dependent 
C)  subject 
D)  between-group

Question 2

Clever Hans was the young boy who was taught to be afraid of white,furry	
animals by Rosalie Reyner and John B.Watson

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

One problem that exists when a researcher uses surveys and questionnaires is that the data they collect may not be accurate.As your author points out,even if a respondent is "unfailingly honest" and has no intent to provide answers that are untrue,why might their responses still be inaccurate or incomplete?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because there are some questions that cannot be asked via the use of a survey or questionnaire. 
B)  Because all questionnaires and surveys, regardless of their purpose, are biased against certain types of respondents. 
C)  Because the people assessing the answers provided on a survey or questionnaire may make mistakes in how the score the responses. 
D)  Because even very honest people don't have completely objective views of their own behaviors.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of the scientific method?

Accepted Answer

A)  The scientific method uses hypotheses to generate theories, but facts are not relevant because there is no such thing as a true fact. All facts are merely relative, and so they are not important in the scientific method. 
B)  The scientific method is concerned with facts and hypotheses, as we use the gathering of data to confirm or refute hypotheses. Theories are not relevant to the scientific method. 
C)  The scientific method is only concerned with facts, as anything else is merely a form of a guess. 
D)  Facts, theories and hypotheses all have very important functions in the use of the scientific method.

Question 5

Dr.Ayers conducts a correlational study examining the relationship between ice cream consumption and death by drowning.She finds that there appears to be a strong relationship between these two variables.Which of the following conclusions would be inappropriate for Dr.Ayers to make?

Accepted Answer

A)  Eating more ice cream causes people to drown. 
B)  When people eat more ice cream there appears to be an increased risk of drowning. 
C)  When people do not eat ice cream, their risk of drowning tends to decrease. 
D)  It appears that the variables of eating ice cream and drowning are related to each other.

Question 6

In a formal experiment,the participants who are given no treatment or a treatment that is believed to have no effect make up the __________ group.

Accepted Answer

A)  experimental 
B)  comparison 
C)  control 
D)  outcome

Question 7

In a __________ experiment,both the research and participants are kept unaware of which participants are assigned to which participant group.

Accepted Answer

A)  single-blind 
B)  double-blind 
C)  unaware 
D)  placebo

Question 8

Melissa's car has a really cool electronic readout that tells her the car's fuel economy.The readout says "Average Miles per Gallon." In statistical terms,this feature is telling Melissa the __________ miles per gallon that her car gets.

Accepted Answer

A)  mode 
B)  maximum 
C)  median 
D)  mean

Question 9

What is the main difference between dogmatic beliefs and empirical beliefs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Empirical beliefs are the result of experimental research, while dogmatic beliefs are the results of correlational research. 
B)  Dogmatic beliefs are the result of experimental research, while empirical beliefs are the result of correlational research. 
C)  Empirical beliefs require absolute acceptance without questioning, while dogmatic beliefs encourage consideration of one's own experiences. 
D)  Dogmatic beliefs require absolute acceptance without questioning, while empirical beliefs encourage consideration of one's own experiences.

Question 10

Professor Spiegelman's introduction to psychology class has 19 students.On the first exam,the students produce the following set of scores: 100,100,97,97,92,86,86,85,81,80,76,72,72,72,71,68,62,59,and 48.What is the median score on this exam?

Accepted Answer

A)  100 
B)  92 
C)  80 
D)  72

Question 11

A graphical representation of a data set with an even distribution of results is called a __________ curve.

Accepted Answer

A)  symmetrical 
B)  skewed 
C)  normal 
D)  vaulted

Question 12

All but which of the following are examples of descriptive research designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Naturalistic observation 
B)  Case study 
C)  Surveys 
D)  Experimentation

Question 13

What is the median in a set of scores?

Accepted Answer

A)  The average of all of the scores in the data set. 
B)  The most frequently appearing score in the data set. 
C)  The middle score in a data set. 
D)  The difference between the highest and lowest score in the data set.

Question 14

If the probability level of a study is greater than 5%,then what do researchers begin to get concerned about?

Accepted Answer

A)  That there is too much statistical significance to consider the results useful. 
B)  That the results occurred by chance and do not reflect reality. 
C)  That the participant pool that was used might have been tainted in some way that they did not control for. 
D)  That the coefficient of determination will be infinite and therefore unusable.

Question 15

In 1971,a now famous experiment was conducted by psychologist __________,who assigned some participants to be mock prisoners and others to be mock prison guards.The project had to be discontinued within 5 days because of the unforeseen results that lead to extreme emotional and physical distress among the "prisoners."

Accepted Answer

A)  Carl Rogers 
B)  B.F. Skinner 
C)  Stanley Milgram 
D)  Philip Zimbardo

Question 16

Which measure of central tendency refers to the arithmetic average of a group of numbers or values?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mode 
B)  Mean 
C)  Variance 
D)  Median

Question 17

The false consensus effect occurs when a person overestimates ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the extent to which other people share his or her beliefs and behaviors. 
B)  a researcher's ability to accurately anticipate what is going to happen in the future. 
C)  the importance of using random assignment to groups in a formal experiment. 
D)  the frequency with which we use an inappropriate research design to explore the question we are investigating.

Question 18

Why is it important to make sure that different participant groups are roughly equivalent in terms of personal characteristics (e.g.,age,gender)before any independent variable is introduced?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because it is important to treat all research participants equally so that they feel that they are not being manipulated. 
B)  Because research ethics forbid any experiment to take place when the participant groups are fundamentally different from each other. 
C)  So that no major differences between the groups unduly bias the results of the experiment. 
D)  Because it threatens the integrity of a within-group experimental design.

Question 19

Dogmatism is an essential component of critical thinking.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Bess conducts a study about the effects of a new weight loss program for women.She finds that the new program helps a significant number of her participants lose between one and three pounds over the first six months.Her statistical analysis reveals that the results of her study are statistically significant.What can be said about the practical significance of her study?

Accepted Answer

A)  The study did not use a long enough timeframe to be able to demonstrate practical significance, regardless of the statistical significance. 
B)  Because the study only used female participants, it does not have practical significance in the real world. 
C)  Even though the results are statistically significant, the relatively minimal weight loss shown by the participants reveals that her program is not practically significant. 
D)  Because her study showed better results for those in the program than those not in the program, her study shows strong practical significance.

Exam 2: Research Methods

In an experimental research design,the variable or condition that is manipulated by the researcher is called the __________ variable.

Clever Hans was the young boy who was taught to be afraid of white,furry animals by Rosalie Reyner and John B.Watson

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of the scientific method?

Dr.Ayers conducts a correlational study examining the relationship between ice cream consumption and death by drowning.She finds that there appears to be a strong relationship between these two variables.Which of the following conclusions would be inappropriate for Dr.Ayers to make?

In a formal experiment,the participants who are given no treatment or a treatment that is believed to have no effect make up the __________ group.

In a __________ experiment,both the research and participants are kept unaware of which participants are assigned to which participant group.

Melissa's car has a really cool electronic readout that tells her the car's fuel economy.The readout says "Average Miles per Gallon." In statistical terms,this feature is telling Melissa the __________ miles per gallon that her car gets.

What is the main difference between dogmatic beliefs and empirical beliefs?

Professor Spiegelman's introduction to psychology class has 19 students.On the first exam,the students produce the following set of scores: 100,100,97,97,92,86,86,85,81,80,76,72,72,72,71,68,62,59,and 48.What is the median score on this exam?

A graphical representation of a data set with an even distribution of results is called a __________ curve.

All but which of the following are examples of descriptive research designs?

What is the median in a set of scores?

If the probability level of a study is greater than 5%,then what do researchers begin to get concerned about?

Which measure of central tendency refers to the arithmetic average of a group of numbers or values?

The false consensus effect occurs when a person overestimates ___________.

Why is it important to make sure that different participant groups are roughly equivalent in terms of personal characteristics (e.g.,age,gender) before any independent variable is introduced?

Dogmatism is an essential component of critical thinking.