Question 1

A system of behaviour change that reinforces desirable behaviour with coupons that can be exchanged at a later time for goods or privileges is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   the prison system.
B)   instrumental conditioning.
C)   a token economy.
D)   a time out. C

Question 2

Which of the following would not help a person acquire an operantly conditioned response more quickly?

Accepted Answer

A)   giving immediate rather than delayed reinforcement
B)   reinforcing some but not every correct response
C)   giving a large rather than a small reinforcer
D)   maintaining a high level of motivation B

Question 3

For classical conditioning to occur, the unconditioned stimulus should follow immediately after the conditioned stimulus and the two must be paired repeatedly. An exception to this statement is the conditioned

Accepted Answer

A)   drug tolerance.
B)   immune response.
C)   salivation response.
D)   taste aversion. D

Question 4

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the conditioned response would be

Accepted Answer

A)   salivating to the tone.
B)   the meat powder.
C)   the tone.
D)   the meat powder's influence on salivating.

Question 5

Food, water, and sex are examples of

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned responses.
B)   secondary reinforcers.
C)   conditioned reinforcers.
D)   primary reinforcers.

Question 6

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. The unconditioned stimulus in this situation is

Accepted Answer

A)   Andrea's mother.
B)   salivation.
C)   the fried chicken.
D)   the special napkins.

Question 7

Behaviour modification has been successfully applied to psychological problems like phobias and addictive behaviour (drug addiction).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

A puff of air on the surface of your eye will make you blink reflexively. If you hear a buzzer repeatedly just before air is puffed into your eye, eventually you will blink as soon as you hear the buzzer. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the

Accepted Answer

A)   eye-blink response to the puff of air.
B)   puff of air.
C)   buzzer.
D)   eye-blink response to the buzzer.

Question 9

People often engage in behaviour that is reinforcing in the short term but is not in their long-term interest. This reflects the influence of

Accepted Answer

A)   the immediacy of reinforcement.
B)   their level of motivation.
C)   the schedule of reinforcement.
D)   the magnitude of reinforcement.

Question 10

Which of the following is not one of the four factors identified in the text that influences classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   the duration of the unconditioned response
B)   the number of pairings of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
C)   the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus
D)   the reliability of the conditioned stimulus predicting the unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Which type of reinforcer depends upon learning?

Accepted Answer

A)   secondary reinforcer
B)   negative reinforcer
C)   positive reinforcer
D)   primary reinforcer

Question 12

In order to teach an animal to salivate when only a certain tone is played, you must

Accepted Answer

A)   sound the tone and present the food when the dog salivates correctly.
B)   present food before every tone, but let the animal eat it only when it's the right tone.
C)   only pair food with the one tone you want the animal to salivate to.
D)   pair the food with all the tones, but add noxious substances to it when ringing the wrong tone.

Question 13

Which of the following does not increase the strength of the conditioned response in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   increasing the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus
B)   always following the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
C)   presenting the conditioned stimulus a considerable time before the unconditioned stimulus
D)   more pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Question 14

Which of the following is not a response initially learned through classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   a phobia
B)   a fear of a dentist's drill
C)   hunger
D)   excitement at finding money

Question 15

Based on the description in the text, any event that results in a response by an organism, even the passage of time, could be a stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

How does classical conditioning explain the extinction of a conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does classical conditioning explain the extinction...

Question 17

Peter's fear of the white rat transferred to the rabbit, fur coat, and cotton. What process did this demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A)   spontaneous recovery
B)   discrimination
C)   extinction
D)   generalization

Question 18

How does extinction occur in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does extinction occur in operant conditioning?...

Question 19

Failure to occasionally pair the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus will lead to

Accepted Answer

A)   higher-order conditioning.
B)   stimulus generalization.
C)   extinction.
D)   remission.

Question 20

Primary reinforcers differ from secondary reinforcers in that

Accepted Answer

A)   they are never negative reinforcers.
B)   their value does not have to be learned.
C)   they can be used for both humans and other animals.
D)   they are always positive reinforcers.

Exam 5: Learning