Question 1

Becker coined the term ___________to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  significant others 
B)  moral entrepreneurs 
C)  reference groups 
D)  power elite

Question 2

Sociologists ___________suggested that, for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures-circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

Accepted Answer

A)  Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales 
B)  Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin 
C)  Carl Taylor and Anne Campbell 
D)  Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte

Question 3

According to the Internet Crime Complaint Center, which of the following is the most-reported Internet crime scam?

Accepted Answer

A)  hit-man scans 
B)  real-estate scams 
C)  romance scams 
D)  ransomware

Question 4

Durkheim used the term___________ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.

Accepted Answer

A)  anomie 
B)  verstehen 
C)  mechanical solidarity 
D)  Gemeinschaft

Question 5

The___________ theory of deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of deviant behavior and concludes that the benefits outweigh the risks.

Accepted Answer

A)  rational choice 
B)  differential association 
C)  labeling 
D)  control

Question 6

From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate___________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  in the specific behavior or condition 
B)  with the people who witness or judge the behavior 
C)  in legal and civil statutes or regulations 
D)  with the identity of the person whose behavior is in question

Question 7

___________are most likely to emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert authority over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose.

Accepted Answer

A)  Functionalists 
B)  Postmodern theorists 
C)  Symbolic interactionists 
D)  Conflict theorists

Question 8

A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. Applying Merton's typology from strain theory, this behavior is an example of___________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  retreatism 
B)  ritualism 
C)  rebellion 
D)  innovation

Question 9

Define punishment, state the four functions of punishment, and explain the restorative justice perspective.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define punishment, state the four functions of...

Question 10

Which function of deviance is illustrated by the recent Black Lives Matter protesters?

Accepted Answer

A)  Deviance clarifies rules. 
B)  Deviance unites a group. 
C)  Deviance promotes social change. 
D)  Deviance prevents social chaos.

Question 11

Corporate crimes are often more costly in terms of money and lives lost than violent crimes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Criminologist Ronald Akers created the ___________theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.

Accepted Answer

A)  strain 
B)  illegitimate opportunity 
C)  differential reinforcement 
D)  social bonding

Question 13

Juveniles are subject to the same legal process and types of punishment as adults, only in a different system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The United States has 5 percent of the world's population and accounts for___________ of the world's prison population.

Accepted Answer

A)  2 percent 
B)  5 percent 
C)  15 percent 
D)  25 percent

Question 15

Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the ___________theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

Accepted Answer

A)  strain 
B)  labeling 
C)  differential association 
D)  social control

Question 16

In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Furman v. Georgia) that the death penalty ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is unconstitutional 
B)  is legal if imposed fairly and equally 
C)  is cruel and unusual punishment 
D)  may applied without limitations according to the laws of each state

Question 17

Which of the following is a discretionary power of a prosecutor?

Accepted Answer

A)  impose sentences 
B)  enforce specific laws 
C)  recommend sentences 
D)  arrest or detain people

Exam 8: Global Stratification