Question 1

Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on expressions and attitudes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Our expressions influence our feelings. 
B)  Our gait can affect how we feel. 
C)  We find cartoons funnier while using our smile muscles. 
D)  We can't sense how someone else is feeling by mirroring their facial expressions.

Question 2

Following the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of White Americans favoring integrated schools more than doubled. This is an example of how

Accepted Answer

A)  attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined. 
B)  attitudes influence behavior when they are potent. 
C)  moral attitudes feed moral actions. 
D)  moral actions feed moral attitudes.

Question 3

Which of the following would better predict a person's racial biases?

Accepted Answer

A)  his/her implicit attitude 
B)  his/her explicit attitude 
C)  explicit association test 
D)  Rorschach inkblot test

Question 4

When he was first promoted to manager, Ben felt awkward giving orders to his previous co-workers. After a few weeks though, he learned how to behave like the boss. In the context of behaviors affecting attitudes, Ben's adjustment suggests that he has now adopted to his new

Accepted Answer

A)  role. 
B)  implicit attitude. 
C)  explicit attitude. 
D)  place.

Question 5

The finding that religious attitudes can predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  moral hypocrisy. 
B)  the false consensus effect. 
C)  the ABCs of attitudes. 
D)  the principle of aggregation.

Question 6

The implicit association test (IAT)

Accepted Answer

A)  measures conscious attitudes. 
B)  measures unconscious attitudes. 
C)  measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes. 
D)  measures our controlled behaviors.

Question 7

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) found that when people act in a manner that is contrary to their internal attitudes they feel uncomfortable. To reduce this discomfort they may change their attitudes. This is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  defensive pessimism. 
B)  self-perception theory. 
C)  the insufficient justification effect. 
D)  the fundamental attribution error.

Question 8

Impression management is to _____ as cognitive dissonance is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  overjustification; insufficient justification 
B)  false consensus effect; false uniqueness effect 
C)  self-monitoring; self-presentation 
D)  self-presentation; self-justification

Question 9

Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-presentation theory 
B)  self-consistency theory 
C)  cognitive dissonance theory 
D)  self-perception theory

Question 10

"Saying becomes believing" when

Accepted Answer

A)  what you are saying falls in line with your implicit attitude. 
B)  your implicit and explicit attitudes are already in agreement. 
C)  there is no compelling external explanation for your words. 
D)  you have said something similar in the past.

Question 11

The daily flag salute by school children in the U.S. is an attempt to use _____ to build _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  compliance; attitudes 
B)  public beliefs; private conformity 
C)  public conformity; private allegiance 
D)  conformity; compliance

Question 12

Identify the true statement about cognitive dissonance theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  It assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent. 
B)  It highlights the arousal of tension when two differing thoughts coexist. 
C)  It focuses on doing acts as per one's discretion without providing any justification for such acts. 
D)  It is most commonly referred to as the planning fallacy.

Question 13

The insufficient justification effect involves reducing dissonance by _____ justifying one's behavior when _____ justification is insufficient.

Accepted Answer

A)  externally; internal 
B)  internally; external 
C)  cognitively; emotional 
D)  emotionally; cognitive

Question 14

Which theory assumes that we observe our actions for clues about our own attitudes and beliefs?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-presentation 
B)  cognitive dissonance 
C)  self-justification 
D)  self-perception

Question 15

Higgins and Rholes (1978) found that when people say something positive to others when told to supported the research that

Accepted Answer

A)  saying it changes our beliefs or feelings. 
B)  saying it does not change our beliefs or feelings. 
C)  saying it changes the other person's mind. 
D)  saying it does not change the other person's mind.

Question 16

After much deliberation, you decide on a college to attend. After you have made your decision, you find yourself reducing any dissonance by _____ the chosen university and _____ the unchosen universities.

Accepted Answer

A)  emphasizing; revamping 
B)  revamping; emphasizing 
C)  downgrading; upgrading 
D)  upgrading; downgrading

Question 17

Though she is opposed to capital punishment, Lisa is asked to give a speech in favor of it to round out a class debate. In the context of insufficient justification, dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she

Accepted Answer

A)  makes a speech implying capital punishment is really wrong. 
B)  agrees to give the speech but only if she tells both sides. 
C)  agrees to give the speech without special incentives. 
D)  agrees to give the speech for a large reward.

Question 18

Sarah has always strongly believed that it is wrong to steal, but after she steals a bottle of nail polish from the drug store, her attitude toward stealing becomes significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance theory 
B)  self-perception theory 
C)  reinforcement theory 
D)  role-playing theory

Question 19

According to the principle of _____, the effects of an attitude are more apparent when we look at a person's average behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance 
B)  self-perception 
C)  planned behavior 
D)  aggregation

Question 20

If you are studying because you want to do well in a course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future as compared to those students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how

Accepted Answer

A)  attitudes follow behaviors. 
B)  behaviors follow attitudes. 
C)  attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility. 
D)  behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.

Exam 4: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity