Question 1

Contempt is being considered for addition to the list of universal facial expressions. Based on the research presented in this chapter, argue for its inclusion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Contempt is being considered for addition to...

Question 2

Ekman and Friesen (1971) collected convincing evidence that facial expressions are universal. In their research, they studied

Accepted Answer

A)  blind people who smile, even though they have never seen a smile. 
B)  a preliterate tribe in an isolated part of New Guinea. 
C)  infants before they learned to talk. 
D)  facial expressions on five different continents.

Question 3

According to the authors of your text, how frequently should people make internal attributions to explain other people's behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Never: all behavior is due to the situation. 
B)  Never: even behavior caused by personality is usually misattributed due to stereotypes. 
C)  Sometimes: the situation and personality both play a role in determining behavior. 
D)  Always: people's assumptions are usually right, most behavior is due to personality.

Question 4

Nora has been blind since birth, and has never seen a smile, frown, or furrowed brow. At age three, how capable would she be of expressing emotions using the facial expressions of sighted people?

Accepted Answer

A)  Incapable of properly using facial expressions, she would require special training. 
B)  She would be capable of expressing only negative emotions such as anger or sadness. 
C)  She would be able to express all six basic emotions just as well as sighted people. 
D)  It depends on what culture she is being reared in.

Question 5

Sometimes so-called "self-serving attributions" in the face of a setback only look self-serving to others. This is because actors

Accepted Answer

A)  possess more information about past successes. 
B)  are motivated to appear modest. 
C)  locate the cause of an incident where it does them the most good. 
D)  tend to be less biased than observers.

Question 6

One assumption of the covariation model is that people make causal attributions

Accepted Answer

A)  by relying on heuristics. 
B)  in a rational, logical way. 
C)  by referring to schemas. 
D)  unconsciously.

Question 7

In what sense are implicit personality theories a special kind of schema?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In what sense are implicit personality theories...

Question 8

Hong and colleagues (2003) primed bicultural students with American, Chinese, or neutral images and had them make attributions about why a fish was swimming in front of other fish. What was the dependent variable of this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  the type of attribution 
B)  the students 
C)  the type of images 
D)  there was no dependent variable

Question 9

According to the authors of your text, people in ________ cultures tend to have an analytic thinking style.

Accepted Answer

A)  Eastern 
B)  Western 
C)  third-world 
D)  old-world

Question 10

One day, Professor Burns came into class and put his briefcase onto the desk in the front of the room. The desk promptly fell apart and the briefcase tumbled to the floor. Because of perceptual salience, what will students be most likely to think?

Accepted Answer

A)  Professor Burn ruined that desk. 
B)  Professor Burns must not have noticed that "Caution" sign. 
C)  Professor Burns is having an unlucky day. 
D)  Someone must have upset Professor Burns before class.

Question 11

Recall that Roesch and Amirkham (1997) studied attributions for success and failure in athletes. Based on their findings, which of the following athletes would be most likely to make an external attribution for losing?

Accepted Answer

A)  John, a tennis player new to the professional circuit 
B)  Joe, a ten-year veteran of the San Francisco 49ers football team 
C)  Karim, a rookie (i.e., new player) on an NFL basketball team 
D)  Wayne, a hockey player whose skills have deteriorated due to injuries

Question 12

Recall that even when participants in an experiment conducted by Jones and Harris (1967) were told that people were assigned to write an essay sympathetic to Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, they still were willing to assume that the essay reflected the writer's true "pro-Castro" attitudes. These findings illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  the power of distinctiveness information. 
B)  the fundamental attribution error. 
C)  a self-serving attribution. 
D)  a consensus effect.

Question 13

According to recent research, why does culture influence our tendency to make internal versus external attributions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Collectivist cultures seldom have any unusual or anti-social actions to explain. 
B)  Collectivist cultures do not have schemas for "cause." 
C)  Cultures vary in the extent to which interdependence and conformity are valued. 
D)  Western cultures value "team players" more than do Eastern cultures.

Question 14

The authors of your text present a study by Masuda and his colleagues (2008) that examined cultural differences in social perception. They compared how participants perceived a central character when the surrounding characters in a picture either matched or mismatched the central character's facial expression. What implications does this study have for the idea of analytic and holistic thinking styles?

Accepted Answer

A)  It suggests that holistic thinking styles are better than analytic ones. 
B)  It suggests that analytic thinking styles are more primitive than holistic ones. 
C)  It implies that holistic thinking leads people to more carefully consider social context. 
D)  It implies that analytic thinking is erroneous in social contexts.

Question 15

According to research conducted by Susskind and his colleagues (2008) presented by the authors of your text, when people make the facial expression of disgust, it involves

Accepted Answer

A)  decreasing input from the senses. 
B)  increasing sensory input. 
C)  heightened arousal. 
D)  sensitized taste and smell.

Question 16

With the belief in the individual soul and the legal tradition of individual rights, Western cultures are ________ thinkers.

Accepted Answer

A)  holistic 
B)  analytical 
C)  defensive 
D)  emblematic

Question 17

Imagine traveling to a country where you don't speak the native language. You just had a great meal. You don't want to be misunderstood, so how can you communicate to your host that the meal was great, and that you're happy?

Accepted Answer

A)  smile 
B)  give a "thumbs up" sign 
C)  give the "ok" sign 
D)  frown

Question 18

On a visit to Australia, then-president George H.W. Bush offended the Australians when he flashed the two-fingered "peace sign" to a crowd. This is an example of how the use of ________, which vary from culture to culture, may lead to confusion or conflict if used outside of the user's culture.

Accepted Answer

A)  emblems 
B)  display rules 
C)  political gaffe 
D)  paralanguage

Question 19

Imagine you are asked to describe your friend for a dating site using a few words. Which of the following words will automatically get potential dates to think of your friend as generous and helpful?

Accepted Answer

A)  competent 
B)  warm 
C)  intelligent 
D)  ambitious

Question 20

Jessica smiles to convey that she is happy. Jessica's smile is a way of ________ the emotion of happiness.

Accepted Answer

A)  encoding 
B)  decoding 
C)  verbalizing 
D)  perceiving

Exam 4: Social Perception: How We Come to Understand Other People