Question 1

What was a serious methodological shortcoming in Kohlberg's early work on moral development?

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Question 2

A __________ research design studies the same people over a significant period of time.

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The answer of A __________ research design studies the same...

Question 3

According to Kagan, what are two key aspects of temperament?

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Question 4

Describe the difference between the genotype and phenotype of an individual.

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Question 5

Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage may have difficulty learning geometry because geometry requires people to

Accepted Answer

A)  understand the concept of conservation. 
B)  understand abstract relationships. 
C)  have a background in arithmetic. 
D)  understand reversibility.

Question 6

Who discussed the idea of zones of proximal development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Erikson 
B)  Harlow 
C)  Vygotsky 
D)  Ainsworth

Question 7

What must individuals meet and reconcile in each stage of Erikson's theory?

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Question 8

Peek-a-boo is a game that parents enjoy playing with infants because they seem to be genuinely surprised when Mom or Dad's faces comes back into view from behind their hands. This game illustrates that children under the age of approximately 8 months have not yet developed which cognitive ability?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive dissonance 
B)  object permanence 
C)  facial recognition 
D)  egocentrism

Question 9

All children develop in the same way and there is no variation in the timing of developmental milestones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

If you encountered an eight week old kitten that had never been exposed to humans before, what reaction would you most likely get from the kitten?

Accepted Answer

A)  The kitten would be friendly because it has the genes of a domestic animal. 
B)  The kitten would bite and scratch you because it never imprinted on humans. 
C)  The kitten would respond the same way its mother responds. 
D)  The particular reaction would depend on the specific personality of the individual kitten.

Question 11

Vygotsky's concept of "scaffolding" refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  children learning more complex actions by putting together a series of less complex actions. 
B)  the evolution of childcare practices to reflect the changes that take place in society. 
C)  the gradual process of a mentor taking increasingly fewer tasks as the child develops. 
D)  the process by which children learn about the correspondence between actions and results.

Question 12

Mary is concerned that her baby is 12 months old, but is still not walking on her own. Which of the following issues is most relevant to Mary's concern?
a) Nature vs. nurture.
b) Critical periods vs. sensitive periods.
c) Qualitative vs. quantitative shifts in development.
d) Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional.

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Question 13

What term is used to describe a point in development when an organism is especially sensitive to particular kinds of environmental stimuli?

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Question 14

What outcome occurs when individuals with heterozygous alleles express both of their parents' genes in their phenotype?

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Question 15

Kevin and William are brothers, two years apart in age. They grew up in a rough neighborhood, but Kevin became a doctor, while William became involved with gangs and ended up in jail. Which of the following terms best describes this?

Accepted Answer

A)  equifinality 
B)  multifinality 
C)  conduct disorder 
D)  externalization

Question 16

Marcus is a toddler and has a pet cat at home. One day on TV, he sees a lion and says "kitty." His mother says "yes, a lion is a big kitty." What must Marcus do in order to understand "lion?"

Accepted Answer

A)  Develop a sense of object permanence 
B)  Accommodate the new information by changing the schemata. 
C)  Assimilate the new information into the existing schemata 
D)  Eliminate his schemata for "kitty."

Question 17

The term that refers to a child's inability to see problems from other individuals' perspectives is __________.

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Question 18

Describe the authoritarian parenting style as defined by Baumrind.

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Question 19

Jordan is five years old. His mother says to him "If you have two apples and I give you two more apples, how many apples will you have?" Jordan correctly says "four apples." Then, his mother says "if you have four apples, and you give two to me, how many apples will you have left?" Jordan replies "four." What is Jordan's area of difficulty?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jordan has difficulty with the concept of reversibility. 
B)  Jordan has difficulty with the concept of conservation. 
C)  Jordan has difficulty because he is egocentric. 
D)  Jordan has difficulty with hypothetical reasoning.

Question 20

During the first two weeks after conception, the fertilized egg is called a ______ and the stage is referred to as the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  zygote; embryonic 
B)  embryo; germinal 
C)  fetus; fetal stage 
D)  zygote; germinal

Exam 3: Human Development