Question 1

All sensory modalities are relayed to the cortex through the thalamus except for the:

Accepted Answer

A)  visual system. 
B)  auditory system. 
C)  somatosensory system. 
D)  olfactory system. 
E)  gustatory system. 
A)  visual system. 
B)  auditory system. 
C)  somatosensory system. 
D)  olfactory system. 
E)  gustatory system.

Question 2

Indicate whether each of the following statements is true of the vestibular system, the auditory system, both, or neither.
A. Depolarization of hair cells activates voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and glutamate release.
B. Ganglion neurons fire action potentials at a high rate in the absence of sensory stimuli.
C. Force exerted on stereocilia opens mechanotransduction channels in hair bundles.
D. Hair cells are tuned to different frequencies according to their location.
Somatosensation: How Do We Sense Body Movement, Touch, Temperature, and Pain?

Accepted Answer

both
B. vestibular system
C. both
D. aud

Question 3

In monkeys trained to report detection of a vibratory stimulus, activity in which part of the cortex most accurately predicted a behavioral response signifying perception (Figure Q6-42)?   Figure Q6-42

Accepted Answer

A)  Primary somatosensory cortex 
B)  Secondary somatosensory cortex 
C)  Premotor cortex 
D)  Primary motor cortex 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Primary somatosensory cortex 
B)  Secondary somatosensory cortex 
C)  Premotor cortex 
D)  Primary motor cortex 
E)  None of the above

Question 4

It is very likely that humans use the main olfactory system for pheromone detection, given that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the TRPC2 gene has become a pseudogene in humans. 
B)  the V2R genes have become pseudogenes in humans. 
C)  the vomeronasal organ appears only transiently during human development. 
D)  female humans' menstrual cycles can be influenced by compounds extracted from the armpits of donor females. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  the TRPC2 gene has become a pseudogene in humans. 
B)  the V2R genes have become pseudogenes in humans. 
C)  the vomeronasal organ appears only transiently during human development. 
D)  female humans' menstrual cycles can be influenced by compounds extracted from the armpits of donor females. 
E)  All of the above

Question 5

ORNs expressing the same odorant receptor:

Accepted Answer

A)  are spatially clustered in the nasal epithelium. 
B)  are distributed randomly within one of four zones in the nasal epithelium. 
C)  are distributed randomly throughout the entire nasal epithelium. 
D)  are distributed randomly throughout the olfactory bulb. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  are spatially clustered in the nasal epithelium. 
B)  are distributed randomly within one of four zones in the nasal epithelium. 
C)  are distributed randomly throughout the entire nasal epithelium. 
D)  are distributed randomly throughout the olfactory bulb. 
E)  None of the above

Question 6

Perceptual and electrophysiological experiments in humans and monkeys revealed that the threshold amplitude for perceptual detection of high-frequency repetitive mechanical stimuli:

Accepted Answer

A)  was significantly different between species. 
B)  closely matched the lowest amplitude that activated Meissner corpuscles. 
C)  closely matched the highest amplitude that activated Meissner corpuscles. 
D)  closely matched the lowest amplitude that activated Pacinian corpuscles. 
E)  closely matched the highest amplitude that activated Pacinian corpuscles. 
A)  was significantly different between species. 
B)  closely matched the lowest amplitude that activated Meissner corpuscles. 
C)  closely matched the highest amplitude that activated Meissner corpuscles. 
D)  closely matched the lowest amplitude that activated Pacinian corpuscles. 
E)  closely matched the highest amplitude that activated Pacinian corpuscles.

Question 7

The overrepresentation of sound frequencies between 60 and 62 Hz in the Doppler-shifted constant frequency area of a bat's auditory cortex reflects the importance of echolocation for discrimination of the:

Accepted Answer

A)  size of an object. 
B)  relative velocity of an object. 
C)  distance of an object. 
D)  biological significance of an object (prey vs. non-prey). 
E)  None of the above 
A)  size of an object. 
B)  relative velocity of an object. 
C)  distance of an object. 
D)  biological significance of an object (prey vs. non-prey). 
E)  None of the above

Question 8

Frequency selectivity of the inner hair cells is greatly enhanced by:

Accepted Answer

A)  force generated by the opening of the mechanotransduction channel in inner hair cells. 
B)  force generated by the opening of the mechanotransduction channel in outer hair cells. 
C)  myosin motors at the tips of the stereocilia. 
D)  voltage-dependent changes in length of the outer hair cells. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  force generated by the opening of the mechanotransduction channel in inner hair cells. 
B)  force generated by the opening of the mechanotransduction channel in outer hair cells. 
C)  myosin motors at the tips of the stereocilia. 
D)  voltage-dependent changes in length of the outer hair cells. 
E)  All of the above

Question 9

C. elegans avoid particular odors because these odorants:

Accepted Answer

A)  are inherently aversive chemicals. 
B)  activate particular receptors that initiate a signal transduction cascade signifying aversion. 
C)  activate particular receptors that are expressed by specific neurons that mediate avoidance. 
D)  inhibit particular receptors that are expressed by specific neurons that mediate attraction. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  are inherently aversive chemicals. 
B)  activate particular receptors that initiate a signal transduction cascade signifying aversion. 
C)  activate particular receptors that are expressed by specific neurons that mediate avoidance. 
D)  inhibit particular receptors that are expressed by specific neurons that mediate attraction. 
E)  None of the above

Question 10

Which of the following would be expected to activate neurons expressing the TRP channel family member TRPV1?

Accepted Answer

A)  Temperatures  43$\degree$C 
C)  Capsaicin 
D)  a and b 
E)  b and c 
A)  Temperatures  43$\degree$C 
C)  Capsaicin 
D)  a and b 
E)  b and c

Question 11

Sites of tissue damage or infection are more sensitive to heat because:

Accepted Answer

A)  there are no endogenous analgesics to inhibit nociceptive pathways. 
B)  molecules produced by the inflammatory response also increase the sensitivity of TRP channels to sensory stimuli via a second messenger system. 
C)  the neurons that modulate thermosensation are among the most easily injured or damaged. 
D)  the enzymes that synthesize prostaglandin are temperature-sensitive. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  there are no endogenous analgesics to inhibit nociceptive pathways. 
B)  molecules produced by the inflammatory response also increase the sensitivity of TRP channels to sensory stimuli via a second messenger system. 
C)  the neurons that modulate thermosensation are among the most easily injured or damaged. 
D)  the enzymes that synthesize prostaglandin are temperature-sensitive. 
E)  None of the above

Question 12

Odorant detection by a given olfactory receptor neuron could be monitored (at least in theory) by:

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in internal cAMP. 
B)  an increase in internal Ca2+. 
C)  an increase in internal Na+. 
D)  a decrease in internal Cl-. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  an increase in internal cAMP. 
B)  an increase in internal Ca2+. 
C)  an increase in internal Na+. 
D)  a decrease in internal Cl-. 
E)  All of the above

Question 13

Each glomerulus in the mammalian olfactory bulb:

Accepted Answer

A)  receives information from the binding of a single type of odorant. 
B)  receives information from the binding of a single type of olfactory receptor. 
C)  is the site of convergence of the axons of ORNs expressing the same olfactory receptor. 
D)  b and c 
E)  a, b, and c 
A)  receives information from the binding of a single type of odorant. 
B)  receives information from the binding of a single type of olfactory receptor. 
C)  is the site of convergence of the axons of ORNs expressing the same olfactory receptor. 
D)  b and c 
E)  a, b, and c

Question 14

Which of the following statements is not true of both olfaction in C. elegans and taste in mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each sensory neuron expresses multiple types of receptor. 
B)  Sensory neuron activity reflects the biological significance of the odorant. 
C)  A large number of chemical compounds can be discriminated from each other. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Each sensory neuron expresses multiple types of receptor. 
B)  Sensory neuron activity reflects the biological significance of the odorant. 
C)  A large number of chemical compounds can be discriminated from each other. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 15

In the third order insect brain structure called the lateral horn, olfactory inputs appear to be organized according to:

Accepted Answer

A)  similarity of chemical structure. 
B)  spatial location in the external world. 
C)  biological relevance (for example, food vs. reproduction). 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  similarity of chemical structure. 
B)  spatial location in the external world. 
C)  biological relevance (for example, food vs. reproduction). 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 16

How does the insect olfactory circuit resemble the vertebrate olfactory circuit?

Accepted Answer

The insect and vertebrate olfactory circ

Question 17

Fill in each of the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.
Touch sensory neurons synapse with target projection neurons of the ___________ horn of the spinal cord in the ___________ dorsal column pathway and send a branch up to the ___________ in the ___________ dorsal column pathway. Medullary target neurons cross the midline before ascending to the ___________. In addition, touch information from ___________ skin is relayed by distinct dorsal horn projection neurons to the ___________ cervical nucleus via the ___________ tract pathway.
amygdala lateral
direct medial
dorsal medulla
glabrous spinocervical
hairy thalamus
indirect ventral

Accepted Answer

Touch sensory neurons synapse with targe

Question 18

Which spatial map in the brain does not correspond to spatial properties of the stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Visual map in tectum/superior colliculus 
B)  Primary somatosensory cortex 
C)  Primary motor cortex 
D)  Olfactory map in olfactory bulb 
E)  Auditory map in inferior colliculus 
A)  Visual map in tectum/superior colliculus 
B)  Primary somatosensory cortex 
C)  Primary motor cortex 
D)  Olfactory map in olfactory bulb 
E)  Auditory map in inferior colliculus

Question 19

Follow-up experiments to those in adult flies were performed in Drosophila larvae, which have even smaller and simpler olfactory systems. Which of the following reported observations was not consistent with conclusions derived from studies of the adult olfactory system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each ORN expresses a single type of olfactory receptor. 
B)  Each ORN axon typically innervates a single glomerulus in the antennal lobe. 
C)  Each projection neuron's dendrites typically innervates a single glomerulus in the antennal lobe. 
D)  Each projection neuron typically connects one specific glomerulus in the antennal lobe with one stereotyped substructure in the mushroom body dendritic field. 
E)  Each intrinsic mushroom body neuron innervates several glomeruli in the mushroom body calyx, apparently randomly. 
A)  Each ORN expresses a single type of olfactory receptor. 
B)  Each ORN axon typically innervates a single glomerulus in the antennal lobe. 
C)  Each projection neuron's dendrites typically innervates a single glomerulus in the antennal lobe. 
D)  Each projection neuron typically connects one specific glomerulus in the antennal lobe with one stereotyped substructure in the mushroom body dendritic field. 
E)  Each intrinsic mushroom body neuron innervates several glomeruli in the mushroom body calyx, apparently randomly.

Question 20

Opioids derived from the poppy, such as morphine:

Accepted Answer

A)  bind G-protein-coupled receptors that are responsive to endorphin and encephalin. 
B)  act directly on peripheral sensory neurons. 
C)  act directly on spinal cord neurons. 
D)  act directly on neurons in the brainstem. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  bind G-protein-coupled receptors that are responsive to endorphin and encephalin. 
B)  act directly on peripheral sensory neurons. 
C)  act directly on spinal cord neurons. 
D)  act directly on neurons in the brainstem. 
E)  All of the above

All sensory modalities are relayed to the cortex through the thalamus except for the:

In monkeys trained to report detection of a vibratory stimulus, activity in which part of the cortex most accurately predicted a behavioral response signifying perception (Figure Q6-42)? Figure Q6-42

It is very likely that humans use the main olfactory system for pheromone detection, given that:

ORNs expressing the same odorant receptor:

Perceptual and electrophysiological experiments in humans and monkeys revealed that the threshold amplitude for perceptual detection of high-frequency repetitive mechanical stimuli:

The overrepresentation of sound frequencies between 60 and 62 Hz in the Doppler-shifted constant frequency area of a bat's auditory cortex reflects the importance of echolocation for discrimination of the:

Frequency selectivity of the inner hair cells is greatly enhanced by:

C. elegans avoid particular odors because these odorants:

Which of the following would be expected to activate neurons expressing the TRP channel family member TRPV1?

Sites of tissue damage or infection are more sensitive to heat because:

Odorant detection by a given olfactory receptor neuron could be monitored (at least in theory) by:

Each glomerulus in the mammalian olfactory bulb:

Which of the following statements is not true of both olfaction in C. elegans and taste in mammals?

In the third order insect brain structure called the lateral horn, olfactory inputs appear to be organized according to:

How does the insect olfactory circuit resemble the vertebrate olfactory circuit?

Which spatial map in the brain does not correspond to spatial properties of the stimulus?

Follow-up experiments to those in adult flies were performed in Drosophila larvae, which have even smaller and simpler olfactory systems. Which of the following reported observations was not consistent with conclusions derived from studies of the adult olfactory system?

Opioids derived from the poppy, such as morphine:

An Invitation to Neurobiology

Signaling Within Neurons

Signaling Across Synapses

Vision

Wiring of the Visual System

Wiring of the Nervous System

Motor and Regulatory Systems

Sexual Behavior

Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity

Brain Disorders

Evolution of the Nervous System

Ways of Exploring

Filters

Exam 6: Olfaction, Taste, Audition, and Somatosensation

All sensory modalities are relayed to the cortex through the thalamus except for the:

In monkeys trained to report detection of a vibratory stimulus, activity in which part of the cortex most accurately predicted a behavioral response signifying perception (Figure Q6-42)? Figure Q6-42

It is very likely that humans use the main olfactory system for pheromone detection, given that:

ORNs expressing the same odorant receptor:

Perceptual and electrophysiological experiments in humans and monkeys revealed that the threshold amplitude for perceptual detection of high-frequency repetitive mechanical stimuli:

The overrepresentation of sound frequencies between 60 and 62 Hz in the Doppler-shifted constant frequency area of a bat's auditory cortex reflects the importance of echolocation for discrimination of the:

Frequency selectivity of the inner hair cells is greatly enhanced by:

C. elegans avoid particular odors because these odorants:

Which of the following would be expected to activate neurons expressing the TRP channel family member TRPV1?

Sites of tissue damage or infection are more sensitive to heat because:

Odorant detection by a given olfactory receptor neuron could be monitored (at least in theory) by:

Each glomerulus in the mammalian olfactory bulb:

Which of the following statements is not true of both olfaction in C. elegans and taste in mammals?

In the third order insect brain structure called the lateral horn, olfactory inputs appear to be organized according to:

How does the insect olfactory circuit resemble the vertebrate olfactory circuit?

Which spatial map in the brain does not correspond to spatial properties of the stimulus?

Follow-up experiments to those in adult flies were performed in Drosophila larvae, which have even smaller and simpler olfactory systems. Which of the following reported observations was not consistent with conclusions derived from studies of the adult olfactory system?

Opioids derived from the poppy, such as morphine:

An Invitation to Neurobiology

Signaling Within Neurons

Signaling Across Synapses

Vision

Wiring of the Visual System

Wiring of the Nervous System

Motor and Regulatory Systems

Sexual Behavior

Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity

Brain Disorders

Evolution of the Nervous System

Ways of Exploring

Filters