Question 1

The chloroplast is derived from a precursor organelle called a _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The chloroplast is derived from a precursor...

Question 2

Chlamydomonas, although a green algae, is sensitive to an antibiotic, erythromycin. If mt- mating-type alga that is sensitive is mated with an mt+ cell that is resistant, and if the mt+ strain donates chloroplasts, what results do you expect and why?

Accepted Answer

A) All progeny are sensitive because sensitivity is the dominant trait. 
B) Approximately half the progeny are sensitive because this is the recessive trait. 
C) All the progeny are sensitive because this is the recessive trait. 
D) All progeny are resistant because cpDNA is responsible. 
E) Approximately half the progeny are sensitive because cpDNA is responsible. 
A) All progeny are sensitive because sensitivity is the dominant trait. 
B) Approximately half the progeny are sensitive because this is the recessive trait. 
C) All the progeny are sensitive because this is the recessive trait. 
D) All progeny are resistant because cpDNA is responsible. 
E) Approximately half the progeny are sensitive because cpDNA is responsible.

Question 3

What is the name of the area of the organelle in which organelle DNA is packaged?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the name of the area...

Question 4

Mating in Chlamydomonas occurs between haploid mt+ and mt- individuals. The mt- chloroplast genome is selectively degraded 95% of the time. In one such mating, the mt+ genome is strR and
mt- is strS. Will offspring live or die if they are exposed to streptomycin?

Accepted Answer

Question 5

What name is given to the alteration of an RNA sequence after transcription?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What name is given to the alteration...

Question 6

Some members of the species D. bifasciata produce mostly female offspring if reared at or below 21°C. The causative agent of this condition (called sex ratio)is a protozoan infection that is lethal to most male larvae. How can you demonstrate that it is both inherited and extrachromosomal?

Accepted Answer

A) Inject ooplasm of affected females into normal females and then mate these with normal males. 
B) Inject cytoplasm from somatic cells of an affected female into normal females and then mate them with normal males. 
C) Mate affected females with normal males and assess daughter somatic cells for presence of the protozoan. 
D) Perform reciprocal crosses of affected and normal individuals and examine the offspring for infection. 
E) Perform reciprocal crosses of affected and normal individuals and look for affected male offspring. 
A) Inject ooplasm of affected females into normal females and then mate these with normal males. 
B) Inject cytoplasm from somatic cells of an affected female into normal females and then mate them with normal males. 
C) Mate affected females with normal males and assess daughter somatic cells for presence of the protozoan. 
D) Perform reciprocal crosses of affected and normal individuals and examine the offspring for infection. 
E) Perform reciprocal crosses of affected and normal individuals and look for affected male offspring.

Question 7

In 1918, the tsar and tsarina of Russia and their five children were presumably assassinated and buried in an unmarked grave. Later, several women came forward and claimed that they were in fact Anastasia, one of the daughters whose bones had not been found. More recently, forensic scientists have extracted DNA, including mtDNA, from the skeletal remains. Which of the following samples of mtDNA had to be analyzed to discern which, if any, of the claimants was Anastasia?

Accepted Answer

A) the tsar, tsarina, and the other assassinated children 
B) each of the claimants or their living children 
C) the tsarina and the claimants 
D) the tsar and tsarina only 
E) the tsar and tsarina and living relatives of each of them 
A) the tsar, tsarina, and the other assassinated children 
B) each of the claimants or their living children 
C) the tsarina and the claimants 
D) the tsar and tsarina only 
E) the tsar and tsarina and living relatives of each of them

Question 8

Is the rate of mutation in mitochondrial DNA of mammals greater or less than that of the species' nuclear DNA?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Is the rate of mutation in mitochondrial...

Question 9

If a cell includes a mixture of variable numbers of wild-type and mutant organelles, this condition is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a cell includes a mixture of...

Question 10

Random segregation of organelles during cell division is likely to result in an increased rate of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) incomplete penetrance 
B) dominant loss-of-function mutations 
C) dominant gain-of-function mutations 
D) chromosomal duplication mutations 
E) chromosomal deletion mutations 
A) incomplete penetrance 
B) dominant loss-of-function mutations 
C) dominant gain-of-function mutations 
D) chromosomal duplication mutations 
E) chromosomal deletion mutations

Question 11

DNA transfer has occurred many times between organelle and nuclear genomes. Two pairs of sequences are analyzed. Pair A has more similarities than pair B. Which of these is the most ancient transfer?

Accepted Answer

The answer of DNA transfer has occurred many times between...

Question 12

The accompanying hypothetical pedigree is for a family where some members have symptoms of Leigh syndrome, which is caused by an mtDNA mutation that reduces ATPase activity.   Which of the following in the youngest generation might transmit the condition in the future?

Accepted Answer

A) any of the women 
B) any of those affected 
C) any of the members of this generation 
D) only those with an affected mother 
E) any of the affected women 
A) any of the women 
B) any of those affected 
C) any of the members of this generation 
D) only those with an affected mother 
E) any of the affected women

Question 13

A consequence of organelle heredity is that sequence changes in mtDNA vary more than nuclear DNA in response to reduction in population size. Which of the following does this imply about human evolutionary history?

Accepted Answer

A) Current human populations must have a much higher mutation rate than ancient populations. 
B) Mitochondrial variants in people descending from originally small populations show enough diversity to be used to construct an evolutionary tree. 
C) The original human population must have grown to be quite large before its members began migrating to other lands and other continents. 
D) Nuclear gene sequencing must be used to resolve the question of human ancestral origins. 
E) A single human population, living about 200,000 years ago, could not have given rise to all current human populations. 
A) Current human populations must have a much higher mutation rate than ancient populations. 
B) Mitochondrial variants in people descending from originally small populations show enough diversity to be used to construct an evolutionary tree. 
C) The original human population must have grown to be quite large before its members began migrating to other lands and other continents. 
D) Nuclear gene sequencing must be used to resolve the question of human ancestral origins. 
E) A single human population, living about 200,000 years ago, could not have given rise to all current human populations.

Question 14

Two databases, OMIM and Mitomap, are especially useful in exploring human mitochondrial mutations. If you are interested in learning whether aminoglycoside-induced deafness is inherited maternally, and what gene(s)is/are involved, which of the following would give you the most information?

Accepted Answer

A) the Mitomap position map with gene names 
B) the sequence with specifically altered amino acid coding 
C) the OMIM description of symptoms and diagnosis 
D) the OMIM description of the TRMU gene at 22q13 
E) the Mitomap loci of genes associated with deafness 
A) the Mitomap position map with gene names 
B) the sequence with specifically altered amino acid coding 
C) the OMIM description of symptoms and diagnosis 
D) the OMIM description of the TRMU gene at 22q13 
E) the Mitomap loci of genes associated with deafness

Question 15

Organisms have been created by nuclear transfer cloning, in which a diploid nucleus from a somatic cell of an adult animal is injected into an enucleated egg cell to create an embryo. Among the many species thus cloned, there has been a prevalence of mitochondrial defects. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

A) The transferred nucleus may destroy the egg mitochondria. 
B) The egg cell may be heteroplastic before injection. 
C) The somatic cell's mitochondria may have been transferred as well. 
D) The transferred nucleus may have mutations that alter mitochondrial function. 
E) The egg nucleus may have had one or more mutations that alter mitochondrial function. 
A) The transferred nucleus may destroy the egg mitochondria. 
B) The egg cell may be heteroplastic before injection. 
C) The somatic cell's mitochondria may have been transferred as well. 
D) The transferred nucleus may have mutations that alter mitochondrial function. 
E) The egg nucleus may have had one or more mutations that alter mitochondrial function.

Question 16

In the 1950s, mitochondrial genomes were discovered by differential staining for ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the 1950s, mitochondrial genomes were discovered...

Question 17

When a cell divides, chloroplasts are randomly distributed. What is this called?

Accepted Answer

replicativ

Question 18

Sigma virus infection in Drosophila melanogaster causes flies to become paralyzed and then die in high concentrations of CO2. The virus is passed on extrachromosomally. Two isogenic strains
Of Drosophila cultures are maintained: R (resistant to CO2 or wild type)and S (susceptible to CO2, infected with sigma). After crosses between male R and female S flies, subsets of offspring of each gender are tested for CO2 sensitivity. Which of the following results do you expect?

Accepted Answer

A) All the offspring are sensitive. 
B) All the offspring are female. 
C) All the offspring are male. 
D) All the offspring are sensitive, but only males pass it on. 
E) Only male offspring backcrossed to the female parent are sensitive. 
A) All the offspring are sensitive. 
B) All the offspring are female. 
C) All the offspring are male. 
D) All the offspring are sensitive, but only males pass it on. 
E) Only male offspring backcrossed to the female parent are sensitive.

Question 19

In Leber's disease (LHON), degeneration of the optic nerve results in blindness due to a defect in NADH dehydrogenase affecting electron transport. If this is due to a mutation in a mitochondrial gene, which combination of the following effects would you expect to see when doing a pedigree analysis of a family with LHON? i. variable expressivity
Ii. incomplete penetrance
Iii. progressive blindness over time
Iv. maternal inheritance
V. diminished muscle mass

Accepted Answer

A) i and ii only 
B) ii and iii only 
C) iii and iv only 
D) i, ii, iii, and v only 
E) i, ii, iii, and iv only 
A) i and ii only 
B) ii and iii only 
C) iii and iv only 
D) i, ii, iii, and v only 
E) i, ii, iii, and iv only

Question 20

Do the protein-coding parts of organelle genes more closely resemble those of Bacteria (Eubacteria)or Archaea?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Do the protein-coding parts of organelle genes...

The chloroplast is derived from a precursor organelle called a _____.

Chlamydomonas, although a green algae, is sensitive to an antibiotic, erythromycin. If mt^- mating-type alga that is sensitive is mated with an mt⁺ cell that is resistant, and if the mt⁺ strain donates chloroplasts, what results do you expect and why?

What is the name of the area of the organelle in which organelle DNA is packaged?

Mating in Chlamydomonas occurs between haploid mt⁺ and mt^- individuals. The mt^- chloroplast genome is selectively degraded 95% of the time. In one such mating, the mt⁺ genome is str^R and mt^- is str^S. Will offspring live or die if they are exposed to streptomycin?

What name is given to the alteration of an RNA sequence after transcription?

Some members of the species D. bifasciata produce mostly female offspring if reared at or below 21°C. The causative agent of this condition (called sex ratio)is a protozoan infection that is lethal to most male larvae. How can you demonstrate that it is both inherited and extrachromosomal?

Is the rate of mutation in mitochondrial DNA of mammals greater or less than that of the species' nuclear DNA?

If a cell includes a mixture of variable numbers of wild-type and mutant organelles, this condition is known as ________.

Random segregation of organelles during cell division is likely to result in an increased rate of which of the following?

DNA transfer has occurred many times between organelle and nuclear genomes. Two pairs of sequences are analyzed. Pair A has more similarities than pair B. Which of these is the most ancient transfer?

The accompanying hypothetical pedigree is for a family where some members have symptoms of Leigh syndrome, which is caused by an mtDNA mutation that reduces ATPase activity. Which of the following in the youngest generation might transmit the condition in the future?

A consequence of organelle heredity is that sequence changes in mtDNA vary more than nuclear DNA in response to reduction in population size. Which of the following does this imply about human evolutionary history?

Two databases, OMIM and Mitomap, are especially useful in exploring human mitochondrial mutations. If you are interested in learning whether aminoglycoside-induced deafness is inherited maternally, and what gene(s)is/are involved, which of the following would give you the most information?

In the 1950s, mitochondrial genomes were discovered by differential staining for ________.

When a cell divides, chloroplasts are randomly distributed. What is this called?

Do the protein-coding parts of organelle genes more closely resemble those of Bacteria (Eubacteria)or Archaea?

The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution

Transmission Genetics

Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity

Gene Interaction

Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Dna Structure and Replication

Molecular Biology and Transcription and Rna Processing

The Molecular Biology of Translation

The Integration of Genetic Approaches: Understanding Sickle Cell Disease

Chromosome Structure

Gene Mutation, Dna Repair, and Homologous Recombination

Chromosome Aberrations and Transposition

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Forward Genetics and Recombinant Dna Technology

Applications of Recombinant Dna Technology and Reverse Genetics

Genomics: Genetics From a Whole-Genome Perspective

Developmental Genetics

Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits

Population Genetics and Evolution

Filters

Exam 19: Cytoplasmic Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes

The chloroplast is derived from a precursor organelle called a _____.

Chlamydomonas, although a green algae, is sensitive to an antibiotic, erythromycin. If mt- mating-type alga that is sensitive is mated with an mt+ cell that is resistant, and if the mt+ strain donates chloroplasts, what results do you expect and why?

What is the name of the area of the organelle in which organelle DNA is packaged?

Mating in Chlamydomonas occurs between haploid mt+ and mt- individuals. The mt- chloroplast genome is selectively degraded 95% of the time. In one such mating, the mt+ genome is strR and mt- is strS. Will offspring live or die if they are exposed to streptomycin?

What name is given to the alteration of an RNA sequence after transcription?

Some members of the species D. bifasciata produce mostly female offspring if reared at or below 21°C. The causative agent of this condition (called sex ratio)is a protozoan infection that is lethal to most male larvae. How can you demonstrate that it is both inherited and extrachromosomal?

Is the rate of mutation in mitochondrial DNA of mammals greater or less than that of the species' nuclear DNA?

If a cell includes a mixture of variable numbers of wild-type and mutant organelles, this condition is known as ________.

Random segregation of organelles during cell division is likely to result in an increased rate of which of the following?

DNA transfer has occurred many times between organelle and nuclear genomes. Two pairs of sequences are analyzed. Pair A has more similarities than pair B. Which of these is the most ancient transfer?

The accompanying hypothetical pedigree is for a family where some members have symptoms of Leigh syndrome, which is caused by an mtDNA mutation that reduces ATPase activity. Which of the following in the youngest generation might transmit the condition in the future?

A consequence of organelle heredity is that sequence changes in mtDNA vary more than nuclear DNA in response to reduction in population size. Which of the following does this imply about human evolutionary history?

Two databases, OMIM and Mitomap, are especially useful in exploring human mitochondrial mutations. If you are interested in learning whether aminoglycoside-induced deafness is inherited maternally, and what gene(s)is/are involved, which of the following would give you the most information?

In the 1950s, mitochondrial genomes were discovered by differential staining for ________.

When a cell divides, chloroplasts are randomly distributed. What is this called?

Do the protein-coding parts of organelle genes more closely resemble those of Bacteria (Eubacteria)or Archaea?

The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution

Transmission Genetics

Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity

Gene Interaction

Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Dna Structure and Replication

Molecular Biology and Transcription and Rna Processing

The Molecular Biology of Translation

The Integration of Genetic Approaches: Understanding Sickle Cell Disease

Chromosome Structure

Gene Mutation, Dna Repair, and Homologous Recombination

Chromosome Aberrations and Transposition

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Forward Genetics and Recombinant Dna Technology

Applications of Recombinant Dna Technology and Reverse Genetics

Genomics: Genetics From a Whole-Genome Perspective

Developmental Genetics

Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits

Population Genetics and Evolution

Filters

Chlamydomonas, although a green algae, is sensitive to an antibiotic, erythromycin. If mt^- mating-type alga that is sensitive is mated with an mt⁺ cell that is resistant, and if the mt⁺ strain donates chloroplasts, what results do you expect and why?

Mating in Chlamydomonas occurs between haploid mt⁺ and mt^- individuals. The mt^- chloroplast genome is selectively degraded 95% of the time. In one such mating, the mt⁺ genome is str^R and mt^- is str^S. Will offspring live or die if they are exposed to streptomycin?