Question 1

The law of effect refers to the tendency to

Accepted Answer

A)  learn associations between consecutive stimuli. 
B)  learn in the absence of reinforcement. 
C)  repeat rewarded behaviors and discontinue punished behaviors. 
D)  make a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus. 
A)  learn associations between consecutive stimuli. 
B)  learn in the absence of reinforcement. 
C)  repeat rewarded behaviors and discontinue punished behaviors. 
D)  make a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Question 2

Dr.Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet.Obviously,Dr.Raheja is using a(n)________ to study learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant chamber 
B)  variable-ratio schedule 
C)  Pavlovian maze 
D)  fixed-ratio schedule 
A)  operant chamber 
B)  variable-ratio schedule 
C)  Pavlovian maze 
D)  fixed-ratio schedule

Question 3

Because Mr.Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers,his students have stopped participating in class.Mr.Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  partial reinforcement. 
A)  generalization. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  partial reinforcement.

Question 4

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  partial reinforcement. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  shaping. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  partial reinforcement. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  shaping.

Question 5

The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ________ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  primary 
D)  conditioned 
A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  primary 
D)  conditioned

Question 6

Children can learn to fear the persons and places associated with their punishment.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  the law of effect. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  extinction. 
B)  the law of effect. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 7

A trainer wants a pigeon to quickly learn to peck a button to obtain food.She also wants to be sure the behavior is resistant to extinction.So,she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered followed by ________ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive;negative 
B)  negative;positive 
C)  continuous;partial 
D)  partial;continuous 
A)  positive;negative 
B)  negative;positive 
C)  continuous;partial 
D)  partial;continuous

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true of classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both are forms of associative learning. 
B)  Both involve acquisition,extinction,and generalization. 
C)  Classical conditioning,but not operant conditioning,involves spontaneous recovery. 
D)  Through operant conditioning,we associate our own behaviors with consequences. 
A)  Both are forms of associative learning. 
B)  Both involve acquisition,extinction,and generalization. 
C)  Classical conditioning,but not operant conditioning,involves spontaneous recovery. 
D)  Through operant conditioning,we associate our own behaviors with consequences.

Question 9

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 10

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition;extinction 
B)  negative reinforcer;positive reinforcer 
C)  primary reinforcer;secondary reinforcer 
D)  punishment;reinforcement 
A)  acquisition;extinction 
B)  negative reinforcer;positive reinforcer 
C)  primary reinforcer;secondary reinforcer 
D)  punishment;reinforcement

Question 11

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior.In this case,the spanking is a

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcer. 
B)  negative reinforcer. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  negative punishment. 
A)  positive reinforcer. 
B)  negative reinforcer. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  negative punishment.

Question 12

Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits.Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 13

An event that decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcer. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  secondary reinforcer. 
A)  negative reinforcer. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  secondary reinforcer.

Question 14

Sandwich shops that reward customers with a free sandwich after every 10 sandwich purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 15

New golfers learn putting skills best if they are first reinforced for effective short putts followed by reinforcement for increasingly longer-distance putting effectiveness.This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed reinforcement. 
B)  shaping. 
C)  variable-interval reinforcement schedules. 
D)  spontaneous recovery 
A)  delayed reinforcement. 
B)  shaping. 
C)  variable-interval reinforcement schedules. 
D)  spontaneous recovery

Question 16

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone.To get him to speak,his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance,then only for a clearly spoken word,and finally only for a complete sentence.The teacher is using the method of

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary reinforcement. 
B)  delayed reinforcement. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  shaping. 
A)  secondary reinforcement. 
B)  delayed reinforcement. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  shaping.

Question 17

A learned association between two stimuli is most central to

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  a fixed-interval schedule. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  shaping. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  a fixed-interval schedule. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 18

Shaping is a(n)________ procedure.

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  positive punishment 
A)  spontaneous recovery 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  positive punishment

Question 19

Most psychologists think that the use of punishment is

Accepted Answer

A)  ineffective in even temporarily restraining unwanted behavior. 
B)  more effective than negative reinforcers in shaping behavior. 
C)  the opposite of positive reinforcers and thus is its psychological equivalent in terms of changing behavior. 
D)  less effective than positive reinforcers in promoting desirable behavior. 
A)  ineffective in even temporarily restraining unwanted behavior. 
B)  more effective than negative reinforcers in shaping behavior. 
C)  the opposite of positive reinforcers and thus is its psychological equivalent in terms of changing behavior. 
D)  less effective than positive reinforcers in promoting desirable behavior.

Question 20

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcer;negative reinforcer 
B)  primary reinforcer;secondary reinforcer 
C)  immediate reinforcer;delayed reinforcer 
D)  reinforcement;punishment 
A)  positive reinforcer;negative reinforcer 
B)  primary reinforcer;secondary reinforcer 
C)  immediate reinforcer;delayed reinforcer 
D)  reinforcement;punishment

Exam 21: Classical Conditioning

The law of effect refers to the tendency to

Dr.Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet.Obviously,Dr.Raheja is using a(n)________ to study learning.

Because Mr.Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers,his students have stopped participating in class.Mr.Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ________ reinforcers.

Children can learn to fear the persons and places associated with their punishment.This best illustrates

A trainer wants a pigeon to quickly learn to peck a button to obtain food.She also wants to be sure the behavior is resistant to extinction.So,she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered followed by ________ reinforcement.

Which of the following is NOT true of classical and operant conditioning?

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior.In this case,the spanking is a

Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits.Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

An event that decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a

Sandwich shops that reward customers with a free sandwich after every 10 sandwich purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

New golfers learn putting skills best if they are first reinforced for effective short putts followed by reinforcement for increasingly longer-distance putting effectiveness.This best illustrates the value of

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone.To get him to speak,his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance,then only for a clearly spoken word,and finally only for a complete sentence.The teacher is using the method of

A learned association between two stimuli is most central to

Shaping is a(n)________ procedure.

Most psychologists think that the use of punishment is

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

The History and Scope of Psychology

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Neural and Hormonal Systems

The Brain

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Environmental Influences on Behavior, and Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood, and Reflections on Developmental Issues

Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Vision

Hearing

Other Senses

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Operant Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Introduction to Memory

Encoding: Getting Information In

Storage: Retaining Information

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education

Thinking

Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Introduction to Motivation

Hunger

Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Motivation at Work

Introduction to Emotion

Experienced Emotion

Expressed Emotion

Stress and Illness

Coping With Stress

Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Contemporary Research on Personality

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

The Psychological Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

The Biomedical Therapies

Social Thinking

Appendix

Filters

A trainer wants a pigeon to quickly learn to peck a button to obtain food.She also wants to be sure the behavior is resistant to extinction.So,she should use reinforcement until the response is mastered followed by reinforcement.

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to .

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as is to .