Question 1

After heavy rainfalls,invasive crayfish numbers in local mountain streams drop dramatically.Which statement is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  This proves that heavy rains wash out invasive crayfish 
B)  This is an observation that suggests invasive crayfish are poor swimmers 
C)  This suggests there is a correlation between heavy rainfall and crayfish reductions 
D)  None of these are accurate 
A)  This proves that heavy rains wash out invasive crayfish 
B)  This is an observation that suggests invasive crayfish are poor swimmers 
C)  This suggests there is a correlation between heavy rainfall and crayfish reductions 
D)  None of these are accurate

Question 2

You want to understand if many amphibians respond to chemical stimuli from predators in the same way.What is one approach you could take to test this without actually having to conduct experiments on hundreds of aquatic prey?

Accepted Answer

A)  Do experiments with a few individuals and then extrapolate from there. 
B)  Conduct an experiment with aquatic prey from every genera of aquatic prey and compare responses. 
C)  Apply for a grant and hope you get enough money to test every species. 
D)  Peruse the primary literature and perform a meta-analysis. 
A)  Do experiments with a few individuals and then extrapolate from there. 
B)  Conduct an experiment with aquatic prey from every genera of aquatic prey and compare responses. 
C)  Apply for a grant and hope you get enough money to test every species. 
D)  Peruse the primary literature and perform a meta-analysis.

Question 3

What do you call a series of similar communities that are in different stages of succession all in order?

Accepted Answer

A)  Successional timing. 
B)  Sequential succession. 
C)  Chronosequence. 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Successional timing. 
B)  Sequential succession. 
C)  Chronosequence. 
D)  None of the above

Question 4

Species richness refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  How evenly distributed species are within a habitat. 
B)  How productive species are within a community. 
C)  The number of primary producers within a community. 
D)  The total number of species within a community 
A)  How evenly distributed species are within a habitat. 
B)  How productive species are within a community. 
C)  The number of primary producers within a community. 
D)  The total number of species within a community

Question 5

k-values are highest when

Accepted Answer

A)  Reproduction is also high. 
B)  survivorship is also high. 
C)  morality is low. 
D)  mortality is high. 
A)  Reproduction is also high. 
B)  survivorship is also high. 
C)  morality is low. 
D)  mortality is high.

Question 6

Which of the following choices explains a dominance-controlled community?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species are competitively equivalent. As a result, all species colonize a site and maintain their presence. Thus, species richness is high. 
B)  Species are not competitively equivalent. This means that some species will be able to colonize a site and maintain their presence, but some will not be able to do so. 
C)  Species can either be early species or later species, but ultimately regardless of which type of colonizer they are, each will be competitively equivalent. 
D)  Primary dominance is determined by density-dependent factors. As a result, the species richness is high. 
A)  Species are competitively equivalent. As a result, all species colonize a site and maintain their presence. Thus, species richness is high. 
B)  Species are not competitively equivalent. This means that some species will be able to colonize a site and maintain their presence, but some will not be able to do so. 
C)  Species can either be early species or later species, but ultimately regardless of which type of colonizer they are, each will be competitively equivalent. 
D)  Primary dominance is determined by density-dependent factors. As a result, the species richness is high.

Question 7

A high k-value would be related to density dependence if

Accepted Answer

A)  It occurred when densities were low. 
B)  It occurred when densities were high. 
C)  It occurred in the larval stage. 
D)  It occurred in the juvenile stage. 
A)  It occurred when densities were low. 
B)  It occurred when densities were high. 
C)  It occurred in the larval stage. 
D)  It occurred in the juvenile stage.

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence of dominant vegetation in a community undergoing succession?

Accepted Answer

A)  Annual weed -> herbaceous perennials -> shrubs -> early successional trees -> late successional trees 
B)  Annual weed -> herbaceous perennials -> early successional trees -> shrubs -> late successional trees 
C)  Annual weed -> shrubs -> herbaceous perennials -> early successional trees -> late successional trees 
D)  Herbaceous perennials -> annual weed shrubs -> early successional trees -> shrubs -> late successional trees 
A)  Annual weed -> herbaceous perennials -> shrubs -> early successional trees -> late successional trees 
B)  Annual weed -> herbaceous perennials -> early successional trees -> shrubs -> late successional trees 
C)  Annual weed -> shrubs -> herbaceous perennials -> early successional trees -> late successional trees 
D)  Herbaceous perennials -> annual weed shrubs -> early successional trees -> shrubs -> late successional trees

Question 9

Which stage of community succession occurs when the most efficient competitors outcompete other species?

Accepted Answer

A)  This stage is the primary stage 
B)  This stage is the initial stage 
C)  This stage is the secondary stage 
D)  This stage is the climax stage 
A)  This stage is the primary stage 
B)  This stage is the initial stage 
C)  This stage is the secondary stage 
D)  This stage is the climax stage

Question 10

Food webs appear to be most controlled by what process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Density-dependent selection 
B)  Bottom-up control 
C)  Top-down control 
D)  Metapopulations 
A)  Density-dependent selection 
B)  Bottom-up control 
C)  Top-down control 
D)  Metapopulations

Question 11

Assume a community undergoing succession approaches its climax stage.Which of the following predictions is most likely?

Accepted Answer

A)  Once the community has reached its climax stage, then the number of species will increase. 
B)  Initially, species numbers increase as a result of colonization, but they should decrease following the climax since there will be competition. 
C)  Since the community has nearly reached its climax stage, then the number of species will be fixed. 
D)  Species numbers will have increased at the onset of succession, followed by the primary stage where they will decrease and then climax. 
A)  Once the community has reached its climax stage, then the number of species will increase. 
B)  Initially, species numbers increase as a result of colonization, but they should decrease following the climax since there will be competition. 
C)  Since the community has nearly reached its climax stage, then the number of species will be fixed. 
D)  Species numbers will have increased at the onset of succession, followed by the primary stage where they will decrease and then climax.

Question 12

Metapopulation theory:

Accepted Answer

A)  Had its genesis with island biogeography 
B)  Refers primarily to populations within patches 
C)  Has lost favor among most ecologists 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Had its genesis with island biogeography 
B)  Refers primarily to populations within patches 
C)  Has lost favor among most ecologists 
D)  None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following defines a trophic cascade?

Accepted Answer

A)  A trophic cascade occurs when populations of predators and prey are disturbed by some abiotic event. 
B)  A trophic cascade occurs when a primary succession unfolds. 
C)  A trophic cascade is a process whereby abundances of a predator are reduced, and as a result, the prey's own resources increase in abundance. 
D)  A trophic cascade is a process whereby predators reduce abundances of their prey, and as a result, abundances of the prey's own resources increase. 
A)  A trophic cascade occurs when populations of predators and prey are disturbed by some abiotic event. 
B)  A trophic cascade occurs when a primary succession unfolds. 
C)  A trophic cascade is a process whereby abundances of a predator are reduced, and as a result, the prey's own resources increase in abundance. 
D)  A trophic cascade is a process whereby predators reduce abundances of their prey, and as a result, abundances of the prey's own resources increase.

Question 14

Which of the following describe the process of community succession?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dominant species losing out to those that are better colonizers. 
B)  Later colonizers can often tolerate lower resource levels. 
C)  Good dispersers typically win in the end. 
D)  Later colonizers are often more efficient competitors. 
A)  Dominant species losing out to those that are better colonizers. 
B)  Later colonizers can often tolerate lower resource levels. 
C)  Good dispersers typically win in the end. 
D)  Later colonizers are often more efficient competitors.

Question 15

When modeling food webs scientists take into account: the number of species they contain,the connectance of the web and _____________

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of predators in the web. 
B)  The number of producers in the web. 
C)  The average interaction strength between pairs of species. 
D)  None of the above 
A)  The number of predators in the web. 
B)  The number of producers in the web. 
C)  The average interaction strength between pairs of species. 
D)  None of the above

Question 16

Who challenged the ideas of Hairston et al.and what did they contend?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hypothesis by Hairston et al. was never challenged because it has been empirically demonstrated that the world is green due to top-down control. 
B)  Murdoch challenged the ideas of Hairston et al. and argued that the world is green because herbivores are limited by the defenses plants have evolved. 
C)  Pimm in 1966 argued that the world is green because herbivores are overwhelmed by their predators. 
D)  Hanski and Levins aregued that the world may still be green even if it is controlled from the bottom up. 
A)  The hypothesis by Hairston et al. was never challenged because it has been empirically demonstrated that the world is green due to top-down control. 
B)  Murdoch challenged the ideas of Hairston et al. and argued that the world is green because herbivores are limited by the defenses plants have evolved. 
C)  Pimm in 1966 argued that the world is green because herbivores are overwhelmed by their predators. 
D)  Hanski and Levins aregued that the world may still be green even if it is controlled from the bottom up.

Question 17

The ___________ of the abundances of individuals is the combination of the effects of all factors and processes that affect population density,whether density-dependent or not.

Accepted Answer

A)  Regulation 
B)  Determination 
C)  Maintenance 
D)  Correlation 
A)  Regulation 
B)  Determination 
C)  Maintenance 
D)  Correlation

Question 18

In highly agricultural areas,fencerows provide habitat and refugia for wildlife.You might assume:

Accepted Answer

A)  Metapopulation analysis is more appropriate now than before land modification to agriculture. 
B)  Some species may go extinct in some fencerows but not others. 
C)  Smallest fencerows may see the most frequent species extinctions 
D)  For it to be a metapopulation organisms must be able to go from one fencerow to other fencerows. 
A)  Metapopulation analysis is more appropriate now than before land modification to agriculture. 
B)  Some species may go extinct in some fencerows but not others. 
C)  Smallest fencerows may see the most frequent species extinctions 
D)  For it to be a metapopulation organisms must be able to go from one fencerow to other fencerows.

Question 19

Which of the following are examples where primary succession could occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  A volcano erupted and created new bedrock 
B)  A tornado clears farm land 
C)  A glacier retreats and exposes substrate 
D)  Waves that sweep the shore 
A)  A volcano erupted and created new bedrock 
B)  A tornado clears farm land 
C)  A glacier retreats and exposes substrate 
D)  Waves that sweep the shore

Question 20

You have studied a population of birds over a three year period.You want to learn how this population experiences mortality at each phase of the life cycle.What analysis could you use to do this?

Accepted Answer

A)  A k-value analysis 
B)  A meta-analysis 
C)  A structure analysis 
D)  A SNP analysis 
A)  A k-value analysis 
B)  A meta-analysis 
C)  A structure analysis 
D)  A SNP analysis

After heavy rainfalls,invasive crayfish numbers in local mountain streams drop dramatically.Which statement is most accurate?

You want to understand if many amphibians respond to chemical stimuli from predators in the same way.What is one approach you could take to test this without actually having to conduct experiments on hundreds of aquatic prey?

What do you call a series of similar communities that are in different stages of succession all in order?

Species richness refers to:

k-values are highest when

Which of the following choices explains a dominance-controlled community?

A high k-value would be related to density dependence if

Which of the following is the correct sequence of dominant vegetation in a community undergoing succession?

Which stage of community succession occurs when the most efficient competitors outcompete other species?

Food webs appear to be most controlled by what process?

Assume a community undergoing succession approaches its climax stage.Which of the following predictions is most likely?

Metapopulation theory:

Which of the following defines a trophic cascade?

Which of the following describe the process of community succession?

When modeling food webs scientists take into account: the number of species they contain,the connectance of the web and _____________

Who challenged the ideas of Hairston et al.and what did they contend?

The ___________ of the abundances of individuals is the combination of the effects of all factors and processes that affect population density,whether density-dependent or not.

In highly agricultural areas,fencerows provide habitat and refugia for wildlife.You might assume:

Which of the following are examples where primary succession could occur?

You have studied a population of birds over a three year period.You want to learn how this population experiences mortality at each phase of the life cycle.What analysis could you use to do this?

Ecology and How to Do It

Ecology’s Evolutionary Backdrop

Physical Conditions and the Availability of Resources

Climate and the World’s Biomes

Birth, Death and Movement

Interspecific Competition

Predation, Grazing and Disease

Molecular and Evolutionary Ecology

Patterns in Species Richness

The Flux of Energy and Matter Through Ecosystems

Global Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Alteration by Humans

Conservation Ecology

The Ecology of Human Population Growth, Disease, and Food Supply

Filters

Exam 9: From Populations to Communities

After heavy rainfalls,invasive crayfish numbers in local mountain streams drop dramatically.Which statement is most accurate?

You want to understand if many amphibians respond to chemical stimuli from predators in the same way.What is one approach you could take to test this without actually having to conduct experiments on hundreds of aquatic prey?

What do you call a series of similar communities that are in different stages of succession all in order?

Species richness refers to:

k-values are highest when

Which of the following choices explains a dominance-controlled community?

A high k-value would be related to density dependence if

Which of the following is the correct sequence of dominant vegetation in a community undergoing succession?

Which stage of community succession occurs when the most efficient competitors outcompete other species?

Food webs appear to be most controlled by what process?

Assume a community undergoing succession approaches its climax stage.Which of the following predictions is most likely?

Metapopulation theory:

Which of the following defines a trophic cascade?

Which of the following describe the process of community succession?

When modeling food webs scientists take into account: the number of species they contain,the connectance of the web and _____________

Who challenged the ideas of Hairston et al.and what did they contend?

The ___________ of the abundances of individuals is the combination of the effects of all factors and processes that affect population density,whether density-dependent or not.

In highly agricultural areas,fencerows provide habitat and refugia for wildlife.You might assume:

Which of the following are examples where primary succession could occur?

You have studied a population of birds over a three year period.You want to learn how this population experiences mortality at each phase of the life cycle.What analysis could you use to do this?

Ecology and How to Do It

Ecology’s Evolutionary Backdrop

Physical Conditions and the Availability of Resources

Climate and the World’s Biomes

Birth, Death and Movement

Interspecific Competition

Predation, Grazing and Disease

Molecular and Evolutionary Ecology

Patterns in Species Richness

The Flux of Energy and Matter Through Ecosystems

Global Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Alteration by Humans

Conservation Ecology

The Ecology of Human Population Growth, Disease, and Food Supply

Filters