Question 1

Which of the following is the best definition for language?

Accepted Answer

A) a form of communication involving the use of spoken,written,or gestural symbols that are combined in a rule-based form 
B) any set of signals used to communicate information between members of a species 
C) a set of words with specific meanings and relationships 
D) a bidirectional mapping of sounds and vocalizations to specific objects,ideas,and actions 
A) a form of communication involving the use of spoken,written,or gestural symbols that are combined in a rule-based form 
B) any set of signals used to communicate information between members of a species 
C) a set of words with specific meanings and relationships 
D) a bidirectional mapping of sounds and vocalizations to specific objects,ideas,and actions

Question 2

People often overestimate the danger of shark attacks because it is fairly easy to think of news stories and reports of shark attacks.This is an example of how the _____ can sometimes lead to poor judgments.

Accepted Answer

A) availability heuristic 
B) anchoring effect 
C) functional fixedness effect 
D) representativeness heuristic 
A) availability heuristic 
B) anchoring effect 
C) functional fixedness effect 
D) representativeness heuristic

Question 3

Among animals,the most impressive cognitive abilities show up in __________.

Accepted Answer

A) whales 
B) rhesus monkeys 
C) dolphins 
D) chimpanzees 
A) whales 
B) rhesus monkeys 
C) dolphins 
D) chimpanzees

Question 4

Inuit Eskimos have hundreds of words for different types of snow.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

______________ are problem-solving strategies based on a series of rules,while ______________are strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution are called.

Accepted Answer

A) Algorithms; heuristics 
B) Heuristics; algorithms 
C) Ill-defined operators; well-defined operators 
D) Well-defined operators; Ill-defined operators 
A) Algorithms; heuristics 
B) Heuristics; algorithms 
C) Ill-defined operators; well-defined operators 
D) Well-defined operators; Ill-defined operators

Question 6

Which of the following would be the best example of culture affecting categorization?

Accepted Answer

A) A five-year-old child calls a dolphin a "fish." 
B) A Japanese man takes off his shoes before entering a house. 
C) A woman from a traditional hunter-gather society categorizes plants as edible,inedible,or medicinal,instead of as flower,root,berry,etc. 
D) A farmer sees a picture of a chicken sandwich in a magazine and decides to make himself one for lunch. 
A) A five-year-old child calls a dolphin a "fish." 
B) A Japanese man takes off his shoes before entering a house. 
C) A woman from a traditional hunter-gather society categorizes plants as edible,inedible,or medicinal,instead of as flower,root,berry,etc. 
D) A farmer sees a picture of a chicken sandwich in a magazine and decides to make himself one for lunch.

Question 7

Mandi shares her frozen dessert with her sister."Wow!" says her sister,"What type of ice-cream is this?" Mandi explains that,because it does not contain any dairy,the dessert is a sorbet and not an ice-cream.Mandi's use of the technical definition for ice-cream to classify the dessert is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) using a prototype. 
B) classical categorization. 
C) using a heuristic. 
D) linguistic relativity. 
A) using a prototype. 
B) classical categorization. 
C) using a heuristic. 
D) linguistic relativity.

Question 8

For cognitive psychologists,problem solving generally refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) the process of finding solutions to only well-defined problems,but not ill-defined problems. 
B) finding ways to cope with life stressors. 
C) accomplishing a goal when the solution or the path to the solution is not clear. 
D) the use of formal,rules-based strategies to find precise solutions. 
A) the process of finding solutions to only well-defined problems,but not ill-defined problems. 
B) finding ways to cope with life stressors. 
C) accomplishing a goal when the solution or the path to the solution is not clear. 
D) the use of formal,rules-based strategies to find precise solutions.

Question 9

Which of the following is a unique property of language that helps to distinguish it from animal communication?

Accepted Answer

A) Words or symbols can be recombined to create entirely new meanings. 
B) Language uses sounds to communicate. 
C) Language can be used to pass information between individuals. 
D) Language is important for survival. 
A) Words or symbols can be recombined to create entirely new meanings. 
B) Language uses sounds to communicate. 
C) Language can be used to pass information between individuals. 
D) Language is important for survival.

Question 10

In problem solving,the techniques we use to reach a solution are called _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) initial states 
B) obstacles 
C) operators 
D) goal states 
A) initial states 
B) obstacles 
C) operators 
D) goal states

Question 11

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called __________.

Accepted Answer

A) cooing 
B) telegraphic speech 
C) holophrasing 
D) babbling 
A) cooing 
B) telegraphic speech 
C) holophrasing 
D) babbling

Question 12

For most people,a dog is a better fit than a tarantula for the category of pets.This is an example of ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) linguistic relativity 
B) graded membership 
C) priming 
D) functional fixedness 
A) linguistic relativity 
B) graded membership 
C) priming 
D) functional fixedness

Question 13

Most problems begin at the _____ and end at the _____.

Accepted Answer

A) algorithm; heuristic 
B) initial state; goal state 
C) initial state; operator 
D) goal state; initial state 
A) algorithm; heuristic 
B) initial state; goal state 
C) initial state; operator 
D) goal state; initial state

Question 14

Which of the following is a hypothesis discussed in your textbook to explain the relative satisfaction maximizers tend to get from their decisions compared to satisficers?

Accepted Answer

A) Maximizers invest more in their decisions,so they expect more from the outcomes. 
B) Maximizers are natural optimists,so they always see the best in everything. 
C) Maximizers tend to display belief perseverance,and ignore evidence that conflicts with their expectations. 
D) Maximizers prefer to have fewer choices,which makes it unlikely that the final choice will be "just right." 
A) Maximizers invest more in their decisions,so they expect more from the outcomes. 
B) Maximizers are natural optimists,so they always see the best in everything. 
C) Maximizers tend to display belief perseverance,and ignore evidence that conflicts with their expectations. 
D) Maximizers prefer to have fewer choices,which makes it unlikely that the final choice will be "just right."

Question 15

Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like "Do you know where your mommy is?" by answering "Yes." They failed to understand the ________ of the question.

Accepted Answer

A) pragmatics 
B) morphemes 
C) syntax 
D) semantics 
A) pragmatics 
B) morphemes 
C) syntax 
D) semantics

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding cognitive obstacles?

Accepted Answer

A) Cognitive obstacles are often self-imposed. 
B) Cognitive obstacles can be overcome by using a mental set. 
C) Cognitive obstacles are always caused by the parameters of the problem itself. 
D) Cognitive obstacles can be overcome by using functional fixedness. 
A) Cognitive obstacles are often self-imposed. 
B) Cognitive obstacles can be overcome by using a mental set. 
C) Cognitive obstacles are always caused by the parameters of the problem itself. 
D) Cognitive obstacles can be overcome by using functional fixedness.

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of well-defined problems?

Accepted Answer

A) The conditions is at the outset of a problem are often unclear. 
B) There is typically a clear goal. 
C) The problem typically has personal relevance. 
D) It can be difficult to know when the problem is solved. 
A) The conditions is at the outset of a problem are often unclear. 
B) There is typically a clear goal. 
C) The problem typically has personal relevance. 
D) It can be difficult to know when the problem is solved.

Question 18

The rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences are called _________.

Accepted Answer

A) syntax 
B) aphasics 
C) pragmatics 
D) language 
A) syntax 
B) aphasics 
C) pragmatics 
D) language

Question 19

Which of the following best matches the view of your textbook's authors on the use of heuristic thinking?

Accepted Answer

A) Heuristic thinking leads to cognitive biases and should be avoided. 
B) Heuristic thinking is superior to algorithmic thinking. 
C) Using heuristics helps to minimize the risk of cognitive biases. 
D) Heuristics help us make efficient decisions and can be beneficial; however they can also lead to errors. 
A) Heuristic thinking leads to cognitive biases and should be avoided. 
B) Heuristic thinking is superior to algorithmic thinking. 
C) Using heuristics helps to minimize the risk of cognitive biases. 
D) Heuristics help us make efficient decisions and can be beneficial; however they can also lead to errors.

Question 20

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between language and communication?

Accepted Answer

A) All forms of communication are examples of language. 
B) Only animals with language can communicate. 
C) Language is a special form of communication. 
D) Any form of communication that involves emitted sound is considered language. 
A) All forms of communication are examples of language. 
B) Only animals with language can communicate. 
C) Language is a special form of communication. 
D) Any form of communication that involves emitted sound is considered language.

Which of the following is the best definition for language?

People often overestimate the danger of shark attacks because it is fairly easy to think of news stories and reports of shark attacks.This is an example of how the _____ can sometimes lead to poor judgments.

Among animals,the most impressive cognitive abilities show up in __________.

Inuit Eskimos have hundreds of words for different types of snow.

are problem-solving strategies based on a series of rules,while are strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution are called.

Which of the following would be the best example of culture affecting categorization?

For cognitive psychologists,problem solving generally refers to:

Which of the following is a unique property of language that helps to distinguish it from animal communication?

In problem solving,the techniques we use to reach a solution are called _____________.

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called __________.

For most people,a dog is a better fit than a tarantula for the category of pets.This is an example of ____________.

Most problems begin at the _ and end at the _.

Which of the following is a hypothesis discussed in your textbook to explain the relative satisfaction maximizers tend to get from their decisions compared to satisficers?

Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like "Do you know where your mommy is?" by answering "Yes." They failed to understand the ________ of the question.

Which of the following is true regarding cognitive obstacles?

Which of the following is a characteristic of well-defined problems?

The rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences are called _________.

Which of the following best matches the view of your textbook's authors on the use of heuristic thinking?

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between language and communication?

Introducing Psychological Science

Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Intelligence, aptitude, and Cognitive Abilities

Life Span Development

Motivation and Emotion

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Social Psychology

Krause and Corts

Krause and Corts

Filters

Exam 8: Thought and Language

Which of the following is the best definition for language?

People often overestimate the danger of shark attacks because it is fairly easy to think of news stories and reports of shark attacks.This is an example of how the _____ can sometimes lead to poor judgments.

Among animals,the most impressive cognitive abilities show up in __________.

Inuit Eskimos have hundreds of words for different types of snow.

______________ are problem-solving strategies based on a series of rules,while ______________are strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution are called.

Which of the following would be the best example of culture affecting categorization?

For cognitive psychologists,problem solving generally refers to:

Which of the following is a unique property of language that helps to distinguish it from animal communication?

In problem solving,the techniques we use to reach a solution are called _____________.

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called __________.

For most people,a dog is a better fit than a tarantula for the category of pets.This is an example of ____________.

Most problems begin at the _____ and end at the _____.

Which of the following is a hypothesis discussed in your textbook to explain the relative satisfaction maximizers tend to get from their decisions compared to satisficers?

Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like "Do you know where your mommy is?" by answering "Yes." They failed to understand the ________ of the question.

Which of the following is true regarding cognitive obstacles?

Which of the following is a characteristic of well-defined problems?

The rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences are called _________.

Which of the following best matches the view of your textbook's authors on the use of heuristic thinking?

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between language and communication?

Introducing Psychological Science

Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Intelligence, aptitude, and Cognitive Abilities

Life Span Development

Motivation and Emotion

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Social Psychology

Krause and Corts

Krause and Corts

Filters

are problem-solving strategies based on a series of rules,while are strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution are called.

Most problems begin at the _ and end at the _.